1. DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
GALENICALS
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS

2. EXTRACTION
Extraction term Pharmaceutically involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in standard extraction procedures.

4. INFUSION
An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs
Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the solids for a short period of time with either cold or boiling water

5. Decoction
Once this is a popular process for extracts of water soluble and heat stable constituents from crude drugs by boiling in water for 15min,cooling ,straining and passing sufficient cold water through the drug to produce the required volume

6. Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction.
It is used when moderately elevated temperatures is not objectionable and the solvent efficiency of the menstruum in increased thereby

7. Maceration
This process the solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with prescribed solvent and allowed to stand for 3 days with frequent agitation
The soluble matter dissolved will be filtered magma was washed with sufficient quantitiy of prescribed solvent (mixtures) and the filterates were combined

8. Percolation
Ground solids were mixed with appropriate solvents to make them damp
Allowed to stand for 15min
Transferred to a percolator and packed
Sufficient prescribed solvent is added to saturate the solids
The solids are allowed to macerate for 24hrs or for a prescribed time
The percolate are collected
If necessary percolate is diluted with the solvent to produce a solution to meet the standards

9. INFUSION POT
PERCLATOR PACKED WITH CRUDE DRUG

10. PERCOLATR WITH STEAM JACKET
SIMPLE PERCOLATOR

11. PERCOLATOR FOR VOLATILE MENSTRUUM
PERCOLATOR FOR OPERATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE

12. HOT CONTINOUS PERCOLATION
BASKET PRESS

15. EXTRACTION METHODS
Examples
A. MACERATION
Simple maceration
Maceration of unorganized drug / Maceration with adjustment
iii) Multiple Maceration
a) Double maceration
b) Triple maceration
Tincture of Orange
Tincture of Lemon
Tincture of Squill.
Tincture of Tolu Balsam
Compound Tincture of Benzoin
Concentrated infusion of orange.
Concentrated infusion of chirata
Concentrated infusion of gentian
Concentrated infusion of Quassia
Concentrated infusion of Senna

16. Continuous hot percolation / Soxhlation
EXTRACTION METHODS
Examples
B. PERCOLATION
Simple percolation
Reserved percolation
Continuous hot percolation / Soxhlation
C. INFUSION
Fresh infusion
ii) Concentrated infusion
D. DECOCTION
Tincture of Belladonna
Compound tincture of cardamom
Strong tincture of ginger etc.
Liquid extract of Liquorice
Cantharidin from cantharides
Alkaloids from seeds
Fresh infusion of Quassia
Concentrated compound infusion of chirata
Concentrated compound infusion of gentian
No official preparations in IP or BP.

17. Comparison between the methods of extraction
Extraction method
Time for extraction
Temperature
Characteristics of the active constituents
Maceration
3-7 days
Room temp
Soluble in the menstruum
Heat stable / unstable
Percolation
24 hours
Digestion
Few days
Moderately high
Cold or boiling water
Heat stable
Infusion
Short period
Boiling water
Readily soluble
Decoction
15 mins
Water soluble

18. EXTRACTIVE PREPARATIONS

19. TINCTURES
Defined as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances(Iodine tincture)
Potency can be adjusted following the assay
10gm drug/100ml tincture (Potent tincture)

20. Fluid extracts
Defined as liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or as preservative or both
Each ml fluid extract = 1gm standard drug

21. EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Solid/Pilular extracts
Have consistency to be used as pills
Also suited for ointments and suppositories preparation
Ex:Pure Glycyrrhiza extract

22. EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Powdered extracts
Better suited to be incorporated as dry formulations as in capsules
Drugs that contain inactive oily or fatty matter should be defatted inorder to avoid possible loss of activity of the active constituents
Ex:
Belladona extract USP

23. EXTRACTS – FORM WISE
Semiliquid extracts or extracts of syrupy consistency
They are used to prepare pharmaceutical preparations
Mostly they are medicinal agents with therapeutic property as well as they are used as vehicles