1. SCIENCE

2. Section 3 – Magnetic Fields Section 4 – Electromagnets
Section 1 – Keywords
Magnetic force: Non-contact force from a magnet on a magnetic material.
Permanent magnet: An object that is magnetic all of the time.
Magnetic poles: The ends of a magnetic field, called north-seeking (N) and south-seeking poles (S).
Electromagnet: A non-permanent magnet turned on and off by controlling the current through it.
Solenoid: Wire wound into a tight coil, part of an electromagnet.
Core: Soft iron metal which the solenoid is wrapped around.
Section 2 – Magnets
Magnetism is an example of a non-contact force , this means they do not need to touch the object to pull the object or push it away.
Magnetic material include: iron, nickel and cobalt
Magnets can attract certain things to them and repel others
Like sides repel
Opposite sides attract
Section 3 – Magnetic Fields
Section 4 – Electromagnets
A simple electromagnet is made from a length of wire turned into a coil and connected to a battery or power supply because when a charge is passed through a wire a temporary magnetic field is created.
Electromagnets are used when we want to move heavy objects around because we can turn them off and on unlike a permanent magnet. They are also used in loudspeakers and ‘MagLev’ Trains.
We can make an electromagnet stronger by:
Wrapping the wire around a piece of magnetic material
This makes the electromagnet behave like a bar magnet
Increasing the number of coils in the wire so that the small effect of each part adds up.
Increasing the current by increasing the potential difference from the supply or by increasing the number of cells or reducing the resistance.
Chapter 3 and Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Magnets create magnetic fields. These cannot be seen. The earth has it’s own magnetic field. You can imagine a magnet running through the centre of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole.
Magnetic Fields look differently if they are attracting or repelling.

3. Chapter 15 - Breathing Section 1 – Keywords
Section 2 – From cell to organ system
e.g. respiratory system
Section 3 –
The Process of Breathing
Section 4 – The effects of smoking
For many years, scientific research has documented that smoking tobacco is bad for our health. There are over 400 chemicals found within cigarettes and currently 43 different types of chemicals are known to cause cancer.
When an individual smokes a cigarette, it reduces the surface areas of alveoli which is found within the lungs.
The gases being breathed in will break down the lining of the alveoli. This can then significantly affect the efficiency and reduce the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Smoking can also decrease your lung capacity making it difficult to exercise and eventually difficult to complete basic tasks.
Breathing: The movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Trachea (windpipe): Carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
Bronchi: Two tubes which carry air to the lungs.
Bronchioles: Small tubes in the lung.
Alveoli: Small air sacs found at the end of each bronchiole.
Ribs: Bones which surround the lungs to form the ribcage.
Diaphragm: A sheet of muscle found underneath the lungs.
Lung volume: Measure of the amount of air breathed in or out.
Carcinogenic : Something that causes cancer
Chapter Breathing

4. Section 2 – Healthy Living and Diet The Process of Digestion
Section 1 – Keywords
Section 2 – Healthy Living and Diet
Health is defined as a complete state of mental, physical and social wellbeing, so it is important that we consider diet, exercise but also relationships and lifestyle choices when trying to be ‘healthy.
In terms of diet there are six key groups that are required: carbohydrates, protein, lipids, fibre, vitamins and minerals and water.
Section 3 –
The Digestive System
Section 4 –
The Process of Digestion
Our teeth start by mechanically breaking down food.
These lumps of food are then mixed with saliva.
Enzymes are added by our bodies as they work as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions
Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.
Protease break down proteins into amino acids.
Lipase break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
Bile is released into the small intestine to neutralise stomach acid and break down fats into smaller droplets (emulsification)
Bacteria also help us by breaking down some foods like fibre that our enzymes cannot break down.
Enzymes: Substances that speed up the chemical reactions of digestion.
Carbohydrates: The body's main source of energy. There are two types: simple (sugars) and complex (starch).
Lipids: (fats and oils) A source of energy. Found in butter, milk, eggs, nuts.
Protein: Nutrient your body uses to build new tissue for growth and repair. Sources are meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts and seeds.
Stomach: A sac where food is mixed with acidic juices to start the digestion of protein and kill microorganisms.
Small intestine: Upper part of the intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed by the blood.
Large intestine: Lower part of the intestine from which water is absorbed and where faeces are formed.
Chapter Digestion