1. Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra)
“Measure” of intermolecular force
boiling point
melting point
DHvap
DHfus
DHsub
Generally, intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces.

2. Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between polar molecules
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

3. Intermolecular Forces
Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
Ion-Dipole Interaction

4. Interaction Between Water and Cations
in solution

5. Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces
Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules
ion-induced dipole interaction
dipole-induced dipole interaction

6. Induced Dipoles Interacting With Each Other

7. Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bond
The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. A H … B or
A & B are N, O, or F

8. 11.2 Which of the following can form hydrogen bonds with water?
CH3OCH3
CH4 F−
HCOOH
Na+

9. 11.1
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between the following pairs?
HBr and H2S
Cl2 and CBr4
I2 and
NH3 and C6H6

10. *Like different TV channel packages
Total attraction
premium
Hydrogen bond
Dipole-dipole
Dispersion
*Like different TV channel packages
basic

11. Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces Continued
Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted.
Polarizability increases with:
greater number of electrons
more diffuse electron cloud
Dispersion forces usually increase with molar mass.

12. Differences in Melting and Boiling point
Melting and boiling points increase as the number of electrons in a molecule increases
More electrons = larger molar mass

13. Why is the hydrogen bond considered a “special” dipole-dipole interaction?
Decreasing molar mass
Decreasing boiling point