1. Yogeshwar Rai NFDIN April 23, 2019
Development Approach and Indigenous Peoples: Status of existing policies/standards of Government, development agencies and INGOs towards Indigenous Peoples
Yogeshwar Rai
NFDIN
April 23, 2019

2. Outline From needs to rights approach
A bit of history of development approach
Poverty and Poverty Indicators: From Indigenous lens
Structural causes of Indigenous Peoples’ Poverty
Key Principles in Human Rights Based Approach to Development
Development with identity or ethno-development
Indigenous Peoples' Self-Determined Development
Example of policy development

3. From needs to rights approach
Charity Approach
Needs Approach
Empowerment Approach
Rights-based Approach
‘Giving to people’
‘Development for people’
“Development with people’
‘Development by people’

4. A bit of history of development approach
The 1970s : The 1970s- the 1980s were mainly a time of charity and welfare, where it was not faced challenges the overarching system of injustice and inequality.
The 1990s: Supporting the empowerment of communities: Initiated to focus during the 1990s was sustainability and empowerment.
From the late 1990s: working for Human Rights Based Approach to Development (HRBA)

5. Poverty and Poverty Indicators: From Indigenous lens
Poverty is generally defined in terms of income and consumption (cash incomes and food expenditures within a market and cash cash-based economic setting).
Important non-income indicators of poverty include
the lack of voice or power in political and bureaucratic systems,
the non recognition of the collective rights of Indigenous Peoples,
and their lack of access to basic infrastructure and social services.
“Poverty’’ vs ‘’Rights’’ of Indigenous Peoples.

6. Structural causes of Indigenous Peoples’ Poverty
Poverty amidst Indigenous Peoples finds its roots:
in colonization,
the destruction of Indigenous economic and socio-political systems,
continuing systemic racism and discrimination,
social exclusion,
and the non recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ individual and collective rights.

7. Key Principles in Human Rights Based Approach to Development
The principles in question are:
The identification of poor,
Empowerment of the poor,
Explicit recognition of the international human rights normative framework
Non-discrimination and equality
Participation
Progressive realization of human rights
Accountability

8. Development with identity or ethno-development
This approach to development has been defined as ‘’development with identity" or ‘’ethno-development" (Bonl, 1982; Stavenhagen, ), on the ground that it is expected to pursue a sustainable and endogenous development, controlled by the indigenous community itself, and it is expected to respect and give value to the cultural identity of indigenous peoples.
This concept has been elaborated by several UN agencies (including IFAD, Inter-American Development Bank and UNESCO). The IDB defines ‘’Development with identity," a concept initially promoted by indigenous peoples of Latin America (Tauli-Corpuz, 2008), as:
Development with identity or ethno-development
The same concept can be also described as ‘’ethno-development," a term promoted by the World Bank, which is not exclusively related to Indigenous peoples:
Ethno-development is essentially the autonomous capacity of culturally differentiated societies to control their own process of change. The original key elements of the theory of ethno-development are: the need for indigenous peoples to strengthen their own cultures, assert their ethnic identity as peoples, and obtain recognition of their lands and territory for self-determination; and the need to self-manage their development process. (World Bank, 2004).

9. Indigenous Peoples' Self-Determined Development
It seems important to report that indigenous peoples' leaders gave their preference to the term ‘’indigenous peoples' self-determined development,“ instead of ‘’development with identity and culture,"
Self-determined development has several components:
Respect for the collective, individual and intergenerational rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Autonomy
Territory
Revenue sharing

10. Example of policy development
formal policies on Indigenous Peoples: EU, UNDP, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Danida, DGIS-Netherlands, BMZ-Germany, AECI- Spain;
have policies contain some mandatory standards or binding safeguards: World Bank, ADB, Danida and BMZ;
have policies are not binding and only constitute optional, good practice principles and guidelines: EU/EC, UNDP, DGIS, AECI;
have policies employ an explicit rights-based approach: UNDP, DGIS, BMZ (regional policy);
have policies that contain no clear operational standards for development planning and field implementation : EU/EC, DGIS;

11. Example of policy development-Contd…
only feature limited operational instructions (AECI, BMZ, Danida, UNDP);
the policy of NORAD and CIDA will only deal with indigenous knowledge issues;
which do not have a specific policy on indigenous peoples but, do include consideration of indigenous peoples in their operational policies on resettlement and environmental assessment (Inter- American Development Bank – IDB, USAID);
referring to Indigenous Peoples : IDB, IFAD, UNESCO and DFID;

12. Development with identity or ethno-development
Way forward
Emphasis on orientation
Capacity building
Emphasis on coordination/networking and relationship building
Emphasis on activities of advocacy on rights based approach
Development with identity or ethno-development

13. Thank you