1. H3K4me3 Stimulates the V(D)J RAG Complex for Both Nicking and Hairpinning in trans in Addition to Tethering in cis: Implications for Translocations 
Noriko Shimazaki, Albert G. Tsai, Michael R. Lieber 
Molecular Cell 
Volume 34, Issue 5, Pages (June 2009)
DOI: /j.molcel
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
H3K4me3 Tethering Action versus Catalytic Stimulation of the RAG Complex in cis or trans
These diagrams depict interactions of the RAG complex, an RSS, and the H3K4me3 peptide in ways that are known (A) or are tested and supported by experiments here (B and C).
(A) The RAG complex binds to the RSS (and can subsequently catalyze nicking and hairpin formation). Within the RSS, the heptamer is designated as “7,” and the nonamer is designated as “9.” The catalytic center refers to the portion that binds to the RSS and carries out the catalysis.
(B) The RAG complex acquires improved catalytic activity through its binding to free H3K4me3 peptide in trans. Note the difference in shape of the RAG active site, signifying that a conformational change is induced by the H3K4me3.
(C) H3K4me3 bound to the RSS substrate DNA fragment can improve RAG action in two ways, called mechanisms 1 and 2. In mechanism 1, the H3K4me3 provides an independent tethering site for the RAGs (in addition to the RAG-binding site for DNA). In mechanism 2, the H3K4me3 induces a conformational change in the RAG catalytic center that improves its catalytic activity.
Molecular Cell  , DOI: ( /j.molcel )
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3. Figure 2
RSS-Bound H3K4me3 Can Stimulate Cleavage and Binding of the RAG Complex to the Substrate
(A) Representation of H3K4me3-bound RSS oligonucleotide substrate. Biotin-tagged histone H3 peptide and biotin-tagged 12- or 23-RSS are tethered together through their binding to a streptavidin (SA) tetramer. Both the top and bottom strands of 12-RSS are labeled with radioisotope as indicated by asterisks.
(B) EMSA of H3K4me3-bound RSS oligonucleotide substrate preparation. End-labeled 12-RSS tagged with a biotin molecule on the 3′ of the bottom strand (lane 1) was incubated with 1.5-fold more SA relative to the RSS DNA (lane 2). Then, 2-fold more unmodified H3 or H3K4me3 peptide relative to SA was added to the RSS:SA complex (lanes 3 and 4). DNA complex was fractionated by 6% nondenaturing PAGE. The inferred compositions of various species are noted at the side of the panel. SA and H3 peptide-bound unlabeled 23-RSS were prepared in the same manner.
(C) RSS-bound H3K4me3-activated RAG cleavage. The coupled cleavage assay was done with the substrate that was prepared in (B). End-labeled 12-RSS and 23-RSS bound with SA (lanes 5–8) and unmodified H3 (lanes 9–12) or H3K4me3 peptide (lanes 13–16) were incubated with c/c, f/c, c/f RAGs, and HMGB1 protein for 1 hr at 37°C. The products were analyzed on 10% denaturing PAGE and followed by autoradiography. The positions of substrate (S), nick (N), signal end and hairpin coding (HP) end products are indicated in the right margin. Because both the top and bottom strands are end labeled, both signal and coding end products could be visualized here.
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4. Figure 3
Free H3K4me3 Peptide Stimulates the Cleavage Activity of a RAG Complex that Includes Full-Length RAG2
A radiolabeled 12-RSS oligonucleotide substrate and unlabeled 23-RSS were incubated with c/c (lanes 2–10), f/c (lanes 11–19), or c/f (lanes 20–28) RAG proteins (0.1 μM) in the absence or presence of increasing amounts of unmodified H3 or H3K4me3 (0.1, 0.5, 2, and 5 μM) peptide for 1 hr at 37°C. The products were analyzed on 10% denaturing PAGE, followed by autoradiography here and in subsequent figures. The positions of substrate (S), nicked (N), and hairpin (H) products are indicated in the right margin here and in subsequent figures.
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5. Figure 4
A PHD Finger Point Mutant of RAG2 Can No Longer Be Stimulated by H3K4me3, and the H3K4me3 Effect is Specific
(A) The W453R point mutant was previously shown not to bind the H3K4me3. Here, the RAG catalytic activity is tested for c/f RAG complexes that do or do not have the RAG2 PHD finger point mutation at 453. A radiolabeled 12-RSS oligonucleotide substrate and unlabeled 23-RSS were incubated with 0.1 μM WT of c/f RAG proteins (lanes 2–12) or RAG2 W453R mutant c/f RAG proteins (lanes 14–24) in the absence or presence of increasing amounts (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μM) of unmodified H3 or H3K4me3 peptide for 1 hr at 37°C. The stimulation is abolished by the W453R mutation.
(B) The degree of methylation at H3K4 determines the strength of stimulation of RAG nicking and hairpin catalytic activity in a manner that is very similar to the known effects for binding to the PHD finger (Ramón-Maiques et al., 2007). A radiolabeled 12-RSS oligonucleotide substrate and unlabeled 23-RSS were incubated with 0.1 μM c/f RAG proteins in the absence or presence of increasing amounts (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 μM) of unmodified H3 (squares), H3K4me1 (triangles), H3K4me2 (diamonds), H3K4me3 (filled circles), or H3K9me3 (open circles) peptide for 1 hr at 37°C. The plotted results are shown.
Molecular Cell  , DOI: ( /j.molcel )
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6. Figure 5
Free H3K4me3 Peptide Stimulates the Nicking by the RAG Complex
(A) A time course of nicking for a radiolabeled 12- RSS oligonucleotide substrate by c/f RAG proteins (0.1 μM) in the absence or presence of unmodified H3 or H3K4me3 (1 μM) peptide is shown.
(B) The amount of nicked products obtained in (A) was plotted in (B) after phosphorimager quantitation. The amount of nicked products without peptide are shown as triangles; with unmodified H3 peptide, as squares; and H3K4me3 peptide, as circles here and in (D).
(C) A time course of nicking for a radiolabeled 23- RSS oligonucleotide substrate by c/f RAG proteins (0.1 μM) in the absence or presence of unmodified H3 or H3K4me3 (1 μM) peptide is shown in (C). The products were analyzed and designated as in (A). Note that, above the hairpin position, there is a very small amount of aberrant nicking.
(D) Nicked products obtained in (C) were quantified using phosphorimaging and were plotted.
Molecular Cell  , DOI: ( /j.molcel )
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7. Figure 6
H3K4me3 Increases the Catalytic Turnover Number of the RAG Complex
(A and B) Initial rate kinetics were done for the conversion of 12-RSS to nicked product by the c/f RAG complex in the presence of unmodified H3 peptide (A) or in the presence of H3K4me3 peptide (B). This was done at various concentrations of substrate.
(C) Determining the active c/f RAG concentration by burst kinetics. End-labeled 12-RSS was incubated with 40, 70, and 100 nM c/f RAG proteins for a 20 min time course, and the active fraction was determined as described previously (Yu and Lieber, 2000). Burst kinetics permit determination that 3.4% of the c/f RAG complexes are catalytically active.
(D) Kinetic constants were determined based on the best-fit curves (DeltaGraph 5.6.4) of the initial rate versus substrate concentration studies in (A) and (B) and the fraction of active c/f RAG proteins.
Molecular Cell  , DOI: ( /j.molcel )
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8. Figure 7
Free H3K4me3 Peptide Stimulates Hairpin Formation by the RAG Complex
(A) A time course of hairpin formation for a radiolabeled prenicked 12-RSS and unlabeled prenicked 23-RSS oligonucleotide substrate by c/f RAG proteins (0.1 μM) in the absence or presence of unmodified H3 or H3K4me3 (1 μM) peptide is shown in (A). The products were analyzed on 10% denaturing PAGE and followed by autoradiography. The positions of prenicked substrate (S, (N)) and hairpin (H) products are indicated in the right margin.
(B) The amount of hairpin products obtained in (A) was plotted in (B) after phosphorimager quantitation. The amount of hairpin products without peptide is shown as triangles; unmodified H3 peptide, as squares; and H3K4me3 peptide, as circles.
Molecular Cell  , DOI: ( /j.molcel )
Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions