1. Writing 2 to 3-paragraph composition using cause and effect

2. I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop. Where she sits she shines,
Tongue Twister
I saw Susie sitting in a shoe shine shop.
Where she sits she shines,
and where she shines she sits.

3. Read each sentence. Then, identify the adverbs of time and place.
1. Goldilocks went to the Bears’ house yesterday.
2. John looked around but he couldn’t see the monkey.
3. They built a house nearby.
4. I’m going to tidy my room tomorrow.
5. I stayed in Baguio for two years.

4. The Hard Life of Farmers
Read the paragraph orally then answer the questions that follow.
The Hard Life of Farmers
Laura White, 2005
The lack of rain and snow has horrible effects on farmers. With no rain, their land dries up, and it is very difficult to grow anything. When the crops fail, the farmers haven't any choice but to get a second job in order to make the money they need. Farming is a full time job and with a second job, farmers are overworked, stressed and even depressed. Many farmers end up selling their land.

5. Questions:
1. What makes the life of the farmers difficult?
2. What will happen if there is lack of rain?
3. Why do you think their life is difficult?
4. What are being discussed in the paragraph?

6. How to Write a Whole Composition
Introduction- a paragraph that introduces the topic, says something interesting about it and states the thesis.
2. Body- paragraphs that give readers specific information about the topic, supporting and developing the thesis.
Components of the Body
1. Elaboration: Spell out the details by defining, or by clarifying and adding relevant, pertinent information.
2. Illustration: Paint a verbal picture that helps make or clarify your point(s). Well illustrated pieces are easier to read and follow than abstract ones.
3. Argumentation: Give the reasons, justifications, and rationales for the position or view you have taken in the introduction.

7. Logical connectors that you can use:
 exceptions – but, alas, however, etc.
 illustrations – for instance, for example, etc.
 conclusions – thus, so, therefore, consequently, etc.
 comparisons – similarly, by contrast, etc.
 qualifications – yet, still, etc.
additions – moreover, furthermore, etc.
3. Conclusion- a paragraph that gives the readers a final interesting point to think about.

8. Organization of a Composition
Introduction
Organization of a Composition
Why are Cities Becoming Overcrowded?
The fact that the world’s cities are getting more and more crowded is well-known. Cities such as Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay and Shanghai are now considered ‘mega-cities’, because of their enormous size and huge populations. There are two main reasons why these and other cities are becoming so crowded; one economic, the other socio-cultural.
General state-
ment
Main Statement

9. Body Topic sentence Topic sentence
First,the primary cause of cities becoming so crowded is economic.As a country develops, its cities become the engines of development, thus jobs are available in these areas. Frankfurt, Istanbul, Bombay and Sao Paolo are all the economic centres of their countries. For example, Tokyo was the motor for Japan’s rapid economic development in the 1960’s and 70’s; as a result, its population increased rapidly. People moved to Tokyo because they could find employment and establish economic security for themselves and their families there.
Second, another factor in the huge increase in urban populations is the socio-cultural factor.Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons. The better universities are always located in big cities and this attracts thousands of students every year, and these students stay on and work in the city after they graduate.
Body
Topic sentence

10. Conclusion
In conclusion, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of huge urban population. People will always move to the areas which provide opportunity and to the places which can give them the freedom they desire.
Concluding sentence
Final thought

11. Arrange the sentences then, form a form a composition with an introduction, body and conclusion.
We breathe in every polluted particle from the air; result is increase in asthma and cancer in the lungs.
E xcessive burning of fuel and other industrial activities; releases a huge amount of chemical substances in the air everyday; these pollute the air.
Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles or burning of wood basically occurs due to coal burning; this releases sulphur dioxide into the air making it toxic..
Air Pollution is the most prominent and dangerous form of pollution.
Release of sulphur dioxide and hazardous gases into the air causes global warming and acid rain; which in turn have increased temperatures, erratic rains and droughts worldwide; making it tough for the animals to survive.

12. Answer
Air Pollution is the most prominent and dangerous form of pollution.
Excessive burning of fuel and other industrial activities; releases a huge amount of chemical substances in the air everyday; these pollute the air. Smoke from chimneys, factories, vehicles or burning of wood basically occurs due to coal burning; this releases sulphur dioxide into the air making it toxic.. Release of sulphur dioxide and hazardous gases into the air causes global warming and acid rain; which in turn have increased temperatures, erratic rains and droughts worldwide; making it tough for the animals to survive.
We breathe in every polluted particle from the air; result is increase in asthma and cancer in the lungs.

13. Read the paragraph below
Read the paragraph below. Fill in the correct word to complete the sentences.
Smoking has many serious ______. The most _____effect is the deterioration of a smoker's health. Smoking _____ the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain. Smoking _____ respiratory problems. A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the body. Prolonged use _____ lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump enough oxygen into the lungs. _____ effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive.
Obvious creates may effect
another increase

14. What are the effects of smoking to humans?
What does a good composition have?
> A good composition has an introduction, body , and conclusion.

15. Write the paragraph in order following correct format to form a good composition with the title “Effects of Smoking”.
1. This is, thus, a great danger to health and the upcoming, growing young men must understand the risks involved. They can, well in time learn the lesson and let them not allow themselves to fall a prey to this ‘disease’ – it is really a ‘disease’ which once it catches can worsen into a more serious illness. Life is a gift given by God, let us live it well, let us live it healthily and health is happiness.
2. We all know that smoking is injurious or bad for health. Yet, young men and women are found puffing a cigarette and throwing out smoke at the company in which they are.
3. Smoking has many serious effects. The most obvious effect is the deterioration of a smoker's health. At first, smoking increases the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain. Second, smoking creates respiratory problems. A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the body. Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump enough oxygen into the lungs. Another effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive.

16. Effects of Smoking
We all know that smoking is injurious or bad for health. Yet, young men and women are found puffing a cigarette and throwing out smoke at the company in which they are.
Smoking has many serious effects. The most obvious effect is the deterioration of a smoker's health. At first, smoking increases the risk of lung disease, increases blood pressure, increases the risk of heart attacks, and reduces the flow of oxygen to the brain. Second, smoking creates respiratory problems. A smoker's cough expels phlegm, a thick mucus in the nose and the throat that wants to escape the body. Prolonged use may lead to emphysema and the need to hook up to a machine to pump enough oxygen into the lungs. Another effect of this habit is that smoking breeds halitosis; a smoker's breath always smells foul and repulsive.
This is, thus, a great danger to health and the upcoming, growing young men must understand the risks involved. They can, well in time learn the lesson and let them not allow themselves to fall a prey to this ‘disease’ – it is really a ‘disease’ which once it catches can worsen into a more serious illness. Life is a gift given by God, let us live it well, let us live it healthily and health is happiness.
Answer

17. “The Effects of School Bullying to Children”
Assignment:
Write your own 2 to 3-paragraph composition with an introduction, body and conclusion about the topic:
“The Effects of School Bullying to Children”