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by Alison J. Cook, Luke Copland, Brice P. Y. Noël, Chris R

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1 Atmospheric forcing of rapid marine-terminating glacier retreat in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
by Alison J. Cook, Luke Copland, Brice P. Y. Noël, Chris R. Stokes, Michael J. Bentley, Martin J. Sharp, Robert G. Bingham, and Michiel R. van den Broeke Science Volume 5(3):eaau8507 March 13, 2019 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

2 Fig. 1 Spatial patterns of marine-terminating glacier front change from 1958/1959 to 2015 (as the percentage of glacier length in 2000). Spatial patterns of marine-terminating glacier front change from 1958/1959 to 2015 (as the percentage of glacier length in 2000). In the QEI, 197 glaciers have retreated, and 12 have advanced since Five of those that have advanced are surge type. In the BBI region, 87 glaciers have retreated, and 2 have advanced since Named features are those referred to in text. GF, Grise Fiord weather station; PoW Icefield, Prince of Wales Icefield; Manson IF, Manson Icefield; T-W glaciers, Trinity and Wykeham glaciers. Alison J. Cook et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaau8507 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

3 Fig. 2 Temporal trends in glacier length, surface ablation and runoff.
Temporal trends in glacier length, surface ablation and runoff. Marine-terminating glacier length changes (percentage per year) by time interval for (A) QEI and (B) BBI. Trends in mean runoff (millimeter w.e. year–1) and mean ablation area (as the percentage of glacier basin area) calculated from RACMO2.3 statistically downscaled to 1 km for (C) QEI and (D) BBI. Surge-type glaciers are excluded. Thick horizontal lines are mean values, and outer horizontal lines are ±1 SE. Alison J. Cook et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaau8507 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

4 Fig. 3 Mean annual ocean temperatures at standard depths of 50, 100, 200, and 400 m.
Mean annual ocean temperatures at standard depths of 50, 100, 200, and 400 m. Data are from CMEMS TOPAZ4 Arctic Ocean Physics reanalysis at 12.5-km grid spacing, modeled from all available satellite and in situ observations between 1991 and The black line is the 100-km buffer offshore from the CAA coastline. Alison J. Cook et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaau8507 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

5 Fig. 4 Mean overall (1958–2015) glacier front changes (as the percentage of glacier length in 2000) by mean in situ ocean temperatures (1971–2015) at specific depths. Mean overall (1958–2015) glacier front changes (as the percentage of glacier length in 2000) by mean in situ ocean temperatures (1971–2015) at specific depths. Results are for all glaciers with 10 or more ocean temperature measurements within 20 km of their fronts (glacier counts are in table S3, and correlation coefficients are in table S4). No significant correlation is observed between magnitude of frontal retreat and temperatures at any depth. Alison J. Cook et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaau8507 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

6 Fig. 5 Temporal trends from World Ocean Database (WOD13) data (up to 100 km offshore).
Temporal trends from World Ocean Database (WOD13) data (up to 100 km offshore). Mean ocean temperatures are separated by standard depths and degrees latitude for (A) QEI and (B) BBI. Error bars are ±1 SE. Alison J. Cook et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaau8507 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

7 Fig. 6 Mean overall (1958–2015) glacier front changes (as the percentage of glacier length in 2000) by mean basin runoff and relative ablation area over the same time period. Mean overall (1958–2015) glacier front changes (as the percentage of glacier length in 2000) by mean basin runoff and relative ablation area over the same time period. Glacier counts are in table S3. Error bars are ±1 SE. Statistically significant (P < 0.01) correlations are present between retreat rate and the surface ablation variables (table S6). Alison J. Cook et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaau8507 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

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