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2. Conclusions Samuel Wilkinson, M.D.
Assistant Professor, Yale School of Medicine
Assistant Director, Yale Depression Research Program

3. The monoamine-deficiency hypothesis cannot fully explain the neurobiology of mood disorders.
The role of glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems are critical in the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
Ketamine has been shown to rapidly improve mood within a few hours or days of administration. This effect can last for a week or more following a single administration of ketamine.

4. The safety of long-term ketamine exposure is not well known.
Future research is urgently needed to better understand long-term risks as well as evidence-based treatment regimens.