1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING
Various rhythms and dysrhythmias:
Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular Tachycardia
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Flutter
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
Sinus Tachycardia
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Asystole
Sinus Bradycardia
Junctional rhythm
First degree AV block
Second degree AV block Type I aka second-degree mobitz and aka wenckebach
Second degree AV block type II
Third degree AV block or complete heart block
PVCs: Unifocal, multi-focal, couplets, bigeminy, trigeminy
PACs

2. Atrial Fibrillation Irregular heart beat
The most common cardiac arrhythmia
Affects the atria
Causes
HTN
Heart disease
Lung disease
Excessive alcohol comsumption

3. Causes
Hyperthyroidism
CO poisoning
Dual chamber pacemakers
Friedreich’s ataxia
progressive damage to the nervous system

4. Pathophysiology
Absence of P waves
Electrical impulses are inundated by chaotic impulses originating in the atria and pulmonary veins
thus………
Irregular impulses sent to ventricles creating an irregular pulse

7. May result in
Palpitations
Fainting
Chest pain
CHF
Stroke
Due to clots forming in the poorly contracted artria forming blood clots

8. Controlled
Uncontrolled

9. Ventricular Tachycardia
Arrhythmia, or irregular type of heartbeat. It causes a rapid heartbeat, usually 150 to 200 beats per minute. It is usually indicative of a serious medical problem which may or may not relate directly to the heart. If untreated, it often progresses to cardiac arrest and death.

11. Causes
Early or late complication after having an MI
Cardiomyopathy
Heart failure
Heart surgery
Myocarditis
Valvular Heart Disease

12. Causes
Anti-arrhythmic medications
Changes in blood chemistry (such as a low potassium level)
Changes in pH (acid-base)
Lack of enough oxygen

13. Symptoms
Chest discomfort
Syncope
Light-headedness or dizziness
Palpations
Shortness of breath

14. Atrial Flutter
Atrial flutter occurs when an abnormal conduction circuit develops inside the right atrium, allowing the atria to beat excessively fast, about beats per minute. 
These rapid contractions are slowed when they reach the AV node, but are still too fast (typically about 150 beats per minute, or every other atrial beat getting through the AV node to the ventricles).

15. Causes
Atrial flutter may be caused by abnormalities or diseases of the heart itself, by a disease elsewhere in the body that affects the heart, or by consuming substances that change the way electrical impulses are transmitted through the heart. In a few people, no underlying cause is ever found.

16. Causes
Ischemia
CAD
HTN
Cardiomyopathy
Abnormalities of the heart valves (especially the mitral valve)
An abnormally enlarged chamber of the heart (hypertrophy)
After open heart surgery

17. Diseases elsewhere in the body that affect the heart
include the following:
Hyperthyroidism PE
COPD
Substances that may contribute to atrial flutter include the following:
Alcohol (wine, beer, or hard liquor)
Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, diet pills, cold medicines, even caffeine

19. Supraventricular Tachycardia
Above the ventricles

20. Causes
Atherosclerosis
Heart Failure
Thyroid disease
Chronic lung disease
Pneumonia
Pulmonary emboli, or blood clots migrating into the lung arteries from elsewhere in the body
Pericarditis

21. Certain drugs and social habits
Cocaine abuse
Alcohol abuse
Smoking
Drinking too much caffeine in coffee, tea, or soft drinks
Emotional stress
Structural abnormalities, such as Wolff Parkinson White syndrome, in which extra electrical tissue sets up abnormal electrical circuits
Supraventricular tachycardia may also be a side effect of medications such as digitalis, asthma medications, or cold remedies. In some cases, the cause of supraventricular tachycardia is unknown

23. Sinus Tachycardia
Fast heart beat
Commonly asymptomatic

24. Causes
Sinus tachycardia is usually a response to normal physiological situations, such as exercise and an increased sympathetic tone with increased catecholamine release—stress, fright, flight, anger. Other causes include:
Fever
Anxiety
Dehydration
Malignant hyperthermia
Hypovolemia with hypotension and shock

25. Causes
Hyperthyroidism
Mercury poisoning
Kawasaki disease
Pheochromocytoma
Sepsis
Pulmonary embolism
Acute coronary ischemia and myocardial infarction

26. Causes
Chronic pulmonary disease
Hypoxia
Intake of stimulants such as caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, or amphetamines
Hyperdynamic circulation
Electric shock
Drug Withdrawal

27. Causes
Anemia
Heart Failure

28. Kawasaki Disease
Pheochromocytoma

30. Sinus Bradycardia
heart rhythm that originates from the sinus node and has a rate of under 60 bpm.

31. Causes
Increased vagal tone.
Sleep
Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism
Intrinsic disease of the SA Node (Eg. Sick Sinus Syndrome).

33. Junctional Rhythm
Impulse generated at the AV node but does not happen by the normal pathway and instead is due to retrograde conduction (conduction comes from the ventricles or from the AV node into and through the atria)
P wave is absent or inverted

34. Causes
Sick sinus syndrome (including drug-induced)
Digoxin toxicity
acute inferior infarction
Acutely after cardiac surgery
Acute inflammatory processes

36. Heart Blocks

37. First Degree Heart Block

38. Second Degree Heart Block Type I

39. Second Degree Heart Block Type II

40. Third Degree or Complete Heart Block

41. Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
Impulse generated in the ventricle

42. Causes
Premature ventricular contraction can occur in a healthy person of any age, but becomes more frequent in the elderly, and is more commonly found in men. PVC frequently occurs spontaneously with no cause.

43. Possible causes:

44. Bigeminy

45. Trigeminy

46. Couplets

47. Triplet

48. Unifocal

49. R-On-T

50. PACs
Ectopic beats within the atria
Benign
Causes
unknown

51. PAC