1. Investigating distribution
Sampling

2. Investigating distribution
In our first lesson we discovered that a number of environmental factors will affect the distribution of organisms. What were those factors
Light
Temperature
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Oxygen
Nutrients
Can you explain/suggest why these factors affect distribution?

3. Key maths skills
Define the following terms in as few words as possible, then find them for these numbers:
Mean
Mode
Median
Range
Mean: add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers (answer: 36/9 = 4)
Mode: the value that occurs most often (answer: 2)
Median: the "middle" value in the list of numbers when they are arranged in numerical order (answer: )
Range: the difference between the largest and smallest values (answer: 9 – 2 = 7)

4. Sampling techniques
There are two key sampling techniques that you must learn
1) Random sampling using quadrats: in areas where distribution is quite uniform
2) systematic sampling using transects: used to observe changes in distribution across areas of the habitat

5. Random sampling

6. Investigating distribution
On the next slide you need to find out how many daisies are growing in the field
You have 15secs to come up with your own answer

7. 103

8. Estimating numbers of plants
How many did you count? How did you do it
The answer should have been 103
Clearly trying to count the daisies in this way would take to long and be too difficult, so we must estimate the number in a logical way, keeping in mind the need to
Avoid bias
Get an accurate reading that is representative of the area
How could you refine your approach to the above challenege, to get a more accurate value of the number of daisies

9. Divide the area into a grid using tape measures
2. Generate random numbers (using random number tables or a calculator): avoids bias
3. Use pairs of the random numbers as co-ordinates to place the quadrats in the field
4. Use a large number of quadrats to be representative of the area and to improve reliability of the results
5. Count the numbers of daisies in each quadrat
6. Find the mean/average number of daises in each quadrat
7. Multiply the mean number of daisies in 1 quadrat by the total number of quadrats that would fit into the field

10. Putting it in practise to get a new estimate

11. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
103

12. Try again on the next slide
There were 103 daisies in the field.
Try estimating the number of daisies again on the next slide
Your plan should have involved the following steps:
Select at 3 quadrats and count how many daisies are in each
find the mean number of daisies per quadrat
Multiply the mean by the number of quadrats that would fit into the field to get your estimated total number of daisies.
Try this method a second time with three different quadrats, then try it with 6 and see if there is a big difference in your values.
Why is it better to use 6 quadrats
What is the down side to using 6 quadrats

13. 103

14. Problem solving 1. Some daisies are partly in and out of the quadrat
Solution 1: count those 50% or more inside the quadrat ignore those less than 50% inside
Solution 2: count the daises partly in on 2 sides only.

15. Problem solving 2. Solution Estimate percentage cover Solution
Count all squares that are at least 50% covered and ignore squares that are less than 50% covered
How do you estimate percentage cover when you have distribution like that shown in the diagram??????
Counting the number of a particular species in a quadrat can be difficult if…..
There is a large number of the species
It is difficult to determine individual plants of the species

16. Work sheet
Do work sheet estimating numbers of daisies

17. Building a transect
Transects are used to investigate how distribution changes across an environmental gradient
In other words, how species change as the conditions in the habitat change
This can provide insight into what species require for survival

18. How does species distribution change as you move from inside the woodland out into the open field?
First stretch a tape measure from under the trees out into the field this is the transect
Place quadrats
At regular intervals
Along the transect
Record the desired information
Number of different species in the quadrat (there are daisies, plantain, thistle, dandelions etc)
Number of a particular species in quadrat(there are 20 daisies)
Percentage cover of a species
Repeat with more transects to get data that is representative of the area

19. To determine the stability of a habitat/ecosystem
Why is it important to find the numbers of different species in habitats?
To determine the stability of a habitat/ecosystem
To look at seasonal changes in species
To identify the impact of human influence
To identify warning signs about species decline
To identify the conditions needed for survival
To inform conservation measures