1. Cell Signaling II

2. Trimeric G-proteins

3. Biosynthesis of PI(4,5)P2

4. Cleavage of PI(4,5)P2 by Phospholipase C-β

5. GPCR → Gq → Phospholipase C-β

6. Maintaining Low Cytosolic [Ca2+]3

7. Maintaining Low Cytosolic [Ca2+]

8. IP3 Receptor, Ca2+ Channel
WHS
(Following the cytosolic Ca2+ signal, the channels close and Ca2+ is removed from the cytosol by the mechanisms described earlier.)

9. Waves of Ca2+ Release

10. Vasopressin-induced Ca2+ Oscillations

12. Calmodulin

13. CaM-kinase II
(Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II)

14. CaM-kinase II can decode Ca2+ Oscillations

15. Summary of Ser/Thr Kinases
PS = phosphatidylserine

16. epinephrine norepinephrine
Multiple Receptors for a Hormone
epinephrine
(adrenaline)
norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)
adrenergic receptors

17. Human Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes

18. = epinephrine as a drug
α1A
α2A β1
↑ ↑ ↑

19. = an α1 – selective agonist as a drugβ1 ↑

20. ↓ X α1A α2A β1 = a β1- selective antagonist as a drug
(endogenous epinephrine) X
α1A
α2A β1 ↓

21. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
Endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) forms are activated by Ca2+-calmodulin.

22. Soluble guanylyl cyclaseNO
Soluble guanylyl cyclase
cGMP
Protein kinase G