1. Lab 5 The Appendicular Skeleton, Fetal Skeleton & the Joints
J.R. Schiller, Ph.D., G.R., Pitts, Ph.D., and A.L. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Lab 5 Activities The appendicular skeleton The fetal skeleton
Joint models
Joint classifications (structural and functional)
Types of joints
Movements allowed at a joint

3. The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)

4. Appendicular Skeleton
The bones appended to the axial skeleton:
Can be broken down into subgroups to facilitate learning:
Pectoral girdle attaches upper appendages
Upper appendage: arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Pelvic girdle attaches lower appendages
Be able to distinguish male versus female
Especially important as relates to childbirth
Lower appendage: thigh, leg, ankle, foot
Learn all bones and bone markings on the list on p.5-2 of the lab manual

5. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb*

6. Male versus Female Pelves
The angle of the pubic arch is key

7. Reflects larger pelvic inlet/outlet of female

8. Other sexual differences of Pelves
Females have wide, broad greater sciatic notches, moderate to deep preauricular sulci, auricular surfaces in females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation compared to same features of male pelve

9. Bones of the Right Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Only need know talus and calcaneous
Metatarsals
Phalanges

10. Arches of the Foot
The Triple Arch Design greatly increases efficiency of Bipedal Locomotion.

11. Lab 6: The Fetal Skeleton and Articulations

12. The Fetal Skeleton
The red areas represent the ossified parts of bones

13. The Fetal Skull Intramembranous ossification Sutures fuse after birth
flexible to squeeze through pelvic outlet
skull can expand to accommodate brain growth.

14. Fontanels

15. Classification of Joints
Structural
Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity
Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity
Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity
Functional
Synarthroses - non-movable
Amphiarthroses - slightly movable
Diarthroses - freely movable

16. Fibrous Joints
Suture - wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone
Syndesmosis - connected by a ligament
Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)

17. Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses Symphyses hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
most limb bones
most ribs to sternum
Symphyses
fibrocartilage
pelvis, vertebrae

18. Synovial Joints General Structure articular cartilage
synovial (joint) cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
meniscus – (not illustrated)
fibrocartilage pad,
e.g., tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) and tibio-femoral (knee) joint

19. Gliding (plane) joint Flat planes gliding over each other
Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

20. Hinge Joints Cylindrical projection fits into a notch Ulna and humerus
Tibia and femur
Interphalangeal joints

21. Pivot Joints
Rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments
Atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2)
Proximal radio-ulnar joint

22. Condyloid Joints
Rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone
Radio-carpal joints
Metacarpal-phalangeal joints

23. Saddle Joints Each articular surface has both convex and concave areas
Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

24. Ball and Socket Joints
Spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket
Provides greatest rotational flexibility
Shoulder
Hip
Special cases of a condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

25. Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide
Gliding
Rotation
Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction
Special Movements

26. Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000