1. MS. SKINNERS PAFNR Poultry

2. Vocabulary Axial feathers: in poultry, the feather that separates the primary feathers on the outer part of the wing from the secondary feathers on the inner part of the wing Bantam: small chicken, usually weighing 16-30 ounces as an adult Broilers: Chickens that are specifically raised for meat Broodiness: in poultry, when a hen stops laying eggs and wants to sit on a nest of eggs to hatch them Candling: determining the interior quality of an egg with the use of a high intensity light Capon: a male chicken that has been surgically castrated

3. Vocabulary Cloaca: in poultry, an enlarged part of the digestive tract where the large intestines joins the vent Cockerel: a young male chicken Comb: in poultry, a fleshy crest on top of the head. Crop: an enlargement of the gullet that serves as a storage are for food Cross-mating: the crossing of two or more strains within the same breed Culling: removing animals from a herd that are not as productive or desirable as others.

4. Vocabulary Debeaking: cutting off part of the upper and lower beak of poultry Epithelium: thick, spikey membranelike material that lines the muscular stomach or gizzard Gallus gallus: a wild jungle fowl found in India and believed to be an early ancestor of most tame chicken Gizzard: the muscular stomach that crushes and grinds the feed and mixes it with digestive juices Hatchability: The percentage of eggs set to hatch that in fact hatch. Hen: a female domestic poultry.

5. Vocabulary Incubation: keeping eggs at the right temperature and humidity for hatching Isthmus: the part of the oviduct where the two shell membranes are added to the egg. Magnum: the part of the oviduct where the thick white of the egg is secreted Molting: the process of loosing the feathers from the body and wings Papillae: the organ in the wall of the cloaca that deposits the sperm cells into the hens reproductive system Pinfeather: a feather that is not fully developed

6. Vocabulary Pullet: a female chicken Sexed chicks: young chicks sorted into groups of male and female Tom: a male turkey Wattle: a projection of skin hanging from the chin or throat, especially in poultry Wing web vaccination: the process of injecting a vaccine into the skin on the underside of the wing web at the elbow

7. Production TexasU.S. Turkeys 7.3 million256 million Broilers 4.7 billion8.9 billion Table Eggs 4.7 billion X

8. Poultry & eggs contribute more than 9% of Texas Cash Receipts!

9. Economic TexasU.S. ALL$2.1 billion$27.9 billion Turkeys $600 million$3.16 billion Broilers $1.2 billion$19.1 billion Table Eggs $278 million$4.8 billion

10. In the U.S., the average person consumes 85.9 pounds of chicken each year. In the U.S., the average person consumes 16.7 pounds of turkey each year. In the U.S., the average person consumes 254 eggs each year.

12. air cell - an empty space located at the large end of the egg; it is between the inner and outer shell membranes. chalaza - a spiral, rope-like strand that anchors the yolk in the thick egg white. There are two chalazae anchoring each yolk; one on the top and one on the bottom. (The plural of chalaza is chalazae.) germinal disc or blastodisc - a small, circular, white spot (2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yolk; it is where the sperm enters the egg. The nucleus of the egg is in the blastodisc. inner shell membrane - the thin membrane located between the outer shell membrane and the albumin.

13. outer shell membrane - the thin membrane located just inside the shell. shell - the hard, protective coating of the egg. It is semi- permeable; it lets gas exchange occur, but keeps other substances from entering the egg. The shell is made of calcium carbonate. thick albumin - the stringy part of the egg white (albumin) located nearest the yolk. thin albumin - the watery part of the egg white (albumin) located farthest from the yolk. vitelline (yolk) membrane - the membrane that surrounds the yolk. yolk - the yellow, inner part of the egg where the embryo will form. The yolk contains the food that will nourish the embryo as it grows.

15. air cell - a space at the large end of the egg, between the inner and outer shell membranes. albumin - the egg white. It provides protein and water for the embryo and protects it from microorganisms. allantois - a sack that holds some of the embryo's waste. It is attached to the embryo near the legs. amnion - a membrane that surrounds the embryo, protecting it from dehydration (losing water) and shock. eggshell - the hard, protective coating of the egg. It is semi-permeable; it lets gas exchange occur, but keeps other substances from entering the egg. It is made of calcium carbonate.

16. embryo - the developing chick inside the egg. eye - large and prominent on the head. inner shell membrane - the thin membrane located between the outer shell membrane and the albumin. leg - one of the lower limbs of the chick. outer shell membrane - the thin membrane located just inside the shell. tail - located at the far end (the posterior) of the embryo. wing - one of the upper limbs of the chick. yolk - the yellow part of the egg; it contains nourishment (food) for the embryo.

20. Chicken Facts The most popular chicken raised for egg product is the White Leghorn. The average laying hen can produce 250-300 eggs per year. Chicken are pretty fast. The chicken can travel up to 9 miles per hour when it wants to. There are more chickens on Earth than there are humans. The chicken is the closest living relative of the tyrannosaurus-rex.

21. Chicken Facts Chickens were domesticated about 8000 years ago. It takes 4lbs + of feed to make a dozen eggs. A rooster takes a average of 20 breaths a minute, a hen averages around 30 breaths a minute. It takes 21 days for a chick to hatch. One egg provides 6 grams of protein, or 12% of the Recommended Daily Value. Eggs provide the highest quality protein found in any food.

23. Turkey Facts The turkey is one of the most famous birds in North America. Benjamin Franklin wanted to make the wild turkey, not the Bald Eagle, the national bird of the United States. A wild turkey has excellent vision and hearing. Their field of vision is about 270 degrees. A spooked turkey can run at speeds up to 20 miles per hour. They can also burst into flight approaching speeds between 50-55 mph in a matter of seconds.

24. Turkey Facts 88% of Americans surveyed by the National Turkey Federation eat turkey at Thanksgiving. Turkeys lived almost ten million years ago. Turkey feathers were used by Native Americans to stabilize arrows. The ballroom dance the "turkey trot" was named for the short, jerky steps that turkeys take. Turkey eggs hatch in 28 days.

25. Poultry Review Take one of the following and use your entire sheet of paper to depict it. Use pictures, words, etc, to show what that fact is. Use one of the following pages to find your fact: Texas Poultry Impact Top 10 Chicken Facts Top 10 Turkey Facts