1. North American Object Relations Theories
Dr. Geoff Goodman

2. I. Three North American Object Relations Theorists
Edith Jacobson
Otto Kernberg
Heinz Kohut

3. II. Edith Jacobson’s Theory
A. Mental representations form out of two relational experiences with primary caregiver
frustration of needs
disappointment with caregiver
B. Experiences of pleasure and unpleasure produce respective attitudes toward caregiver that coalesce around two affects independent of search for pleasure
1. love
2. hatred

4. Continued…
C. These attitudes toward caregiver produce a sequence of object-directed aims (similar to Mahler)
1. merging with caregiver
2. separating from caregiver
D. Object relations and ego mutually influence each other’s development

5. E. Psychopathology
1. origins of psychotic and depressive psychopathology
a. early, harsh caregiving disappointments
b. undifferentiated devaluation of object and self
c. merger of idealized self and object images coalescing into wished-for, unattainable goal (ego ideal)
d. complementary harsh, punitive superego

6. Continued… 2. Origins of neurotic psychopathology
a. distinguishing specific features of love objects
b. awareness of time category of future
c. prevention of merger--becoming like object, not becoming object (stable self-object boundaries)
d. replacement of tendency to refusion under circumstances of excessive gratification or frustration

7. F. Modifications to drive and affect theory
1. Affects have various sources
a. id
1) sexual excitement
2) rage
b. ego
1) fear of reality
2) object love
3) hate

8. Continued… c. tension between ego and id 1) shame 2) disgust
d. tension between ego and superego
1) guilt
2) aspects of depression

9. Continued…
2. Pleasure/ unpleasure principle revised as constancy principle
3. Drives exist in original state of undifferentiation
a. undifferentiated drive bifurcates
1) libido
2) aggression
b. influence of maturational and developmental forces

10. III. Heinz Kohut’s Theory
Mental representations form out of two relational experiences with self object (need-gratifying caregiver)
1. mirroring infant’s achievements, talents, exhibitionism
2. permission for infant to idealize self object and fantasize merger with its powerfulness

11. B. Gradual frustration of needs --> transmuting internalizations
1. gradual modulation of infantile omnipotence
2. consolidation of nuclear self
a. realistic ambitions
b. loved ideals

12. C. Two poles of self
1. grandiose, exhibitionistic trend (need for mirroring)
2. idealizing selfobject relationship (need for idealization)
3. failure to develop at least one pole
-->narcissistic psychopathology
a. defective sense of self
b. unstable level of self-esteem

13. D. Psychopathology
1. failures of selfobject mirroring and permission to idealize
2. drives--byproducts of deterioration of the self
a. obsessions with food
b. anality
c. hypersexuality
3. external substances used as compensatory structures to bolster enfeebled, defective self

14. E. Modifications to drive theory
1. libido divided into two categories
a. narcissistic libido
b. object libido
2. object libido related to classical model with whole objects and cohesive self
3. narcissistic libido related to investment in self, blocked by lack of self object responsiveness

15. F. Technical considerations
1. jumpstart developmental arrest at normal developmental phase
a. deficit in transmuting internalizations
b. facilitate internalization of self object
1) accept admiration
2) support exhibitionistic needs

16. Continued… 2. inevitable empathic failures of self object
a. no need for external mirroring
b. no need for the opportunity for idealization
3. problems with mixed model--drives are normal or pathological?

17. IV. Otto Kernberg A. Tripartite model of personality organization
psychotic personality organization
borderline personality organization
neurotic personality organization
B. Focus on borderline personality organization
1. nonspecific manifestation of ego weakness
a. lack of anxiety tolerance--primitive defensiveness
b. lack of impulse control--reflects increase in anxiety vs. creative enjoyment and creative achievement
c. lack of sublimatory channels--no interests or hobbies

18. Continued…
2. specific, stable, pathological personality organization--not transitory state
3. poor-quality object relations
4. identity diffusion
5. intact reality testing (mention IPO)-- psychotic only during stressful periods
6. primitive defenses

19. C. Psychopathology
introjections and identifications established under influence of libidinal drive derivatives built up separately from those established under influence of aggressive drive derivatives
at first, ego does not have integrative capacity

20. Continued…
3. later, defensively kept apart by operation of splitting to prevent generalization of anxiety and to protect ego core around positive integration (Klein)
4. differentiation of self and objects under gratification of needs

21. Continued… 5. refusion of self and object components can occur when
a. lack of development of primary process of autonomy
b. constitutionally determined lack of anxiety tolerance
c. excessive frustration in reality leading to excessive development of aggression
d. constitutionally determined excessive development of aggressive drives

22. Continued… 6. splitting 7. primitive idealization
8. early forms of projection, especially projective identification (mention controlling-caregiving, controlling-punitive subtypes of D)
9. denial--in service of splitting
10. omnipotent control and devaluation

23. D. Technical considerations
integrate split-off self and object representations
sequence of interventions
a. clarification
b. confrontation
c. interpretation