1. Sawanta S. Mali, Jyoti V. Patil, Hyungjin Kim, Chang Kook Hong
Gallium Cationic Incorporated Compact TiO2 as an Efficient Electron-Transporting Layer for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells 
Sawanta S. Mali, Jyoti V. Patil, Hyungjin Kim, Chang Kook Hong 
Matter 
DOI: /j.matt
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2. Matter DOI: ( /j.matt )
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3. Figure 1
Synthesis, Surface Topographical, and Compositional Analysis of c-TiO2 and c-Ga:TiO2 ETLs
(A) Synthesis of c-Ga:TiO2 ETL by the spin-coating method.
(B) Top-view SEM images of FTO substrate before and after conventional c-TiO2 and c-Ga:TiO2.
(C) Transmittance spectra of conventional c-TiO2 and c-Ga:TiO2 with different doping concentrations.
(D and E) Cross-sectional SEM images: (D) FTO/c-TiO2; (E) FTO/c-Ga:TiO2 (1%).
(F) Ti 2p, O 1s, and Ga 2p core-level spectra for c-TiO2 and 1% c-Ga:TiO2.
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4. Figure 2
.Topographical Analysis and Steady-State and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Studies of Perovskite Thin Film
(A–C) Highly magnified SEM image and XRD patterns of c-TiO2 and 1% c-Ga:TiO2 ETL deposited on glass substrate (A), and top-view SEM of the (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 films deposited on mp-TiO2/c-TiO2 ETL (B) and 1% mp-TiO2/c-Ga:TiO2 ETL (C) via the solvent-engineering process.
(D) Steady-state PL spectra showing quenching for c-TiO2, and 1% c-Ga:TiO2/perovskite thin film (excitation from top perovskite or HEL side).
(E) Time-resolved PL (TRPL) measurements using c-TiO2 and c-Ga:TiO2 samples.
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5. Figure 3 .Device Architecture and Solar Cell Performance
(A and B) n-i-p mesoscopic device architecture (A) and cross-sectional micrograph (B).
(C) J-V curves of champion cells based on (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 film deposited onto mp-TiO2/c-Ga:TiO2 ETL via the solvent-engineering process.
(D) Hysteresis analysis of reference and champion cells.
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6. Figure 4 .Optoelectronic and Stabilized Power Output Characterizations
(A) EQE curves of cells fabricated using conventional c-TiO2 and (1%) c-Ga:TiO2 ETLs. Measurements were taken with chopped monochromatic light under a white-light bias corresponding to 5% solar intensity. Solid lines: JSC calculated from the overlap integral of the EQE spectra with the standard AM 1.5 solar emission.
(B) Steady-state photocurrent stability recorded at the maximum power point of the reference and champion perovskite solar cell based on modified ETL.
(C) Stabilized PCE output.
(D) Histogram of the average PCE value of 25 devices.
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7. Figure 5
.Reproducibility and Air-Stability Studies of 25 PSCs Extracted from J-V Curves Fabricated Based on Different Ga Doping Concentration ETLs
(A) VOC.
(B) JSC.
(C) FF.
(D) PCE.
(E) Long-term stability of the device without encapsulation.
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