1. Case Studies Paper 2 Physical Geography GCSE Revision Booklet
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Physical Geography GCSE Revision Booklet
Paper 1 includes the following topics:
Section A: Urban issues and challenges
Section B: The changing economic world
Section C: The challenge of resource management
Paper 2 
Case Studies
Exam 21st May 2019
This booklet contains the important content and case studies that you will need to learn “off by heart”.

2. Section A – Urban Issues and Challenges

3. Case Study : Mumbai, India
Issues: A case study of a major city in a LIC or NEE. India is a NEE
Location
India
Mumbai
The importance of the city, regionally, nationally and internationally
Mumbai is the largest city in India and the fourth largest city in the world (population 20.5 million). It is the commercial capital of India and a global financial hub. It has been the main seaport in the Arabian Sea since the opening of the Suez Canal. This means that many goods that are produced in India and the surrounding region, can be transported around the world via Mumbai.
The city is home to the world’s most prolific film industry, Tata Steel and is also one of the world’s most important financial centres.
Causes of growth – Why has the city grown so much?
Mumbai is a megacity. It is growing rapidly due to both in-migration and natural population growth.
CAUSES OF GROWTH 1. Migration – many people move from the rural areas (where 50% of the population work in farming) in to Mumbai 
PUSH FACTORS 1) Increased use of machinery use of machinery 2) Bad harvests and poor weather
PULL FACTORS 1) Job opportunities in service industries and the manufacturing industries which pay higher wages. 2) here are also more schools, health care facilities and entertainments in Mumbai than other parts of Maharashtra state.
2. Natural increase – although less significant than migration in Mumbai’s case the population of Mumbai is also increasing naturally, with significantly more births than deaths (due to high birth rates) every year.

4. Economic Opportunities
How urban growth has created opportunities: Rapid urban growth has seen many opportunities arise. These can be split into SOCIAL and ECONOMIC
Social opportunities
Healthcare – People have more access to healthcare
Education - Even many people who live in the slums send their children to school, until they can no longer afford it, or when children are old enough to work. Mumbai’s literacy rate is 90% compared to 71% in rural areas.
Water supply – This is variable in Mumbai, and in Dharavi slum the water pipes are only in use 2 hours a day and there are queues for this water.  However, this is clean drinking water, which often not available in poorer rural areas or involves a time consuming labour intensive walk for (mainly) women to the local well.   Energy – some remote parts of India still have no electricity, whilst living in a large city like Mumbai allows people to live with all of the benefits of energy and electricity.
Social Activities - Many daily chores (like the laundry) are done in social spheres because people live close to one another. This helps to generate a sense of community. As a result there is a low level of crime.
Economic Opportunities
Employment – The need for new homes has created 3 million jobs in the construction industry
More jobs are available in Mumbai than anywhere else in India. Even if you cannot find work in the formal sector, paying tax, it is possible to work in the informal economy for example, as a street vendor or recycling waste.
Many entrepreneurs have set up industries such as recycling waste often brought in from HICs. 23% of plastic waste gets recycled in the UK, in Mumbai it is 80%.
Other industries include manufacturing of goods in ‘one room factories’ that are then sold around the world
In Dharavi slum, there are many jobs available to residents. 85% of residents are employed, that is very high

5. How urban growth has created challenges: Mumbai grows by 1,500 people each day. This creates many challenges
Mumbai is a city that faces many challenges and those challenges are large because of its immense size and rapid growth.  The major problem in Mumbai is the growth of squatter settlements known in India as SLUMS. These slums come with many issues for people including the lack of planned access to clean water and sanitation systems, poor health, lack of education, unemployment and the prospect of crime
One of the world’s most infamous slums is Dharavi slum, which is the largest squatter settlement located in Mumbai. There are a million people crammed into one square mile in Dharavi. At the edge of Dharavi the newest arrivals come to make their homes on waste land next to water pipes in slum areas. They set up home illegally amongst waste on land that is not suitable for habitation. In the wet monsoon season these people have huge problems living on this low lying marginal land. The slums are made from scrap material. They often flood during monsoon season.
Lack of sanitation is the MAJOR ISSUE - people have to go to the toilet in the street and there are open sewers because 500 people share one public latrine. Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhoid. Water is a big problem for Dharavi’s population; standpipes come on at 5:30am for 2 hours as water is rationed. 
2. Lack of access to clean water – there are few water pipes in the slum and those that exist only have the supply switched on for 2 hours a day by the city authorities.  This means people have to queue for water and have LIMITED SUPPLY.  In addition, next to the open sewers are water pipes, which can crack and take in sewage.  Dharavi slum is based around this water pipe built on an old rubbish tip.
Managing environmental Issues
Mumbai has challenges to deal with protecting the natural environment and providing people with a clean environment to live in. 
1. Water pollution is a major problem in Mumbai.  A major study revealed that 77% of households suffer from poor water quality in the city.  This poor water quality is leading to water borne diseases occurring in people and levels of things like total dissolved solids (TDS) and nitrates are higher than safe limits.  Toxic chemicals such as arsenic and lead and disease-causing bacteria are also contributing to the alarming increase in the water contamination. Deadly waterborne diseases like cholera, jaundice, typhoid, diarrhoea are affecting people as a result.
2. Air pollution – Mumbai has some very dirty air including dangerous levels of Nitrous Oxides and small dust particles called particulate matter.  These are both hazardous to human health and can cause things like asthma. The causes of this pollution are industry, ever increasing numbers of cars and construction dust.
3. Waste – Mumbai produces 7,500 metric tonnes of waste every day, a huge amount.  There is no comprehensive city based system of collection and this waste poses a hazard to human health.  The slum of Dharavi has a recycling zone. It is claimed that Dharavi’s recycling zone could be the way forward to a sustainable future. Everything is recycled from cosmetics and plastics to computer keyboards. 23% of plastic waste gets recycled in the UK, in Dharavi it is 80%. Despite this Mumbai still has major problems getting rid of its waste.
4. Traffic congestion – there are more than 22 million vehicles registered in Mumbai and these contribute to both noise and air pollution, as well as lots of lost hours as people sit in traffic jams.  This is despite Mumbai’s renowned train system.

6. An example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor.

7. Section B – The Changing Economic World

8. reduce the development gap.
Example - An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to
reduce the development gap.
Location and key facts
In east of Africa. It has a coastline on the Indian Ocean. Tanzania is a LIC with a GNI per capita of around $900
11 % of Tanzanian people work in tourism
Tourism earned Tanzania $4.48 million dollars per year.
12.7% of the countries income comes from tourism
What are the attractions for tourists
Safari 300,000 tourists safari each year. Local people work as safari guides, jeep drivers, waiters, chambermaids in hotels.
Climbing Kilimanjaro 47% cost of any climbing trip goes directly to the National Park. Day wage rates are between $3. 50 and $10. 60, well above
average earnings.
1,200,000
200,000
Benefits of tourism to Tanzania
Tourists come and spend money
Can help the country to improve its infrastructure.
Tourism brings in jobs in the tourist industry, but also through indirect employment multiplier effect.
Currently there are around 450,000 people employed in the tourist industry.
By 2025, this is estimated to increase to 550,000.
Income from tourism at Kilimanjaro is used to improve the lives of the poor around the mountain slopes; the area has the highest school enrolment rate (100%) and adult literacy rate (85%) in the country.
Negative effects of tourism in Tanzania
Leakage – many hotels are owned by HIC companies, so money does not stay in Tanzania.
Deforestation – many new hotels and roads require access. As a result, many areas are deforested.
Over-reliance - Tourism is affected by world events, like terrorism, so if a lot of workers are employed in the sector, one external problem, could cause many job losses.
Damage – Tourism can bring damage to the area, particularly with regard to the trail erosion during the wet periods on Kilimanjaro

9. reduce the development gap.
Example - An example of how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE helps to
reduce the development gap.
Location and key facts
In the continent of North America. South of Cuba.
Population around 2.8 million
GDP per person of $4,868
2016 it attracted 2,000,000 visitors
What are the attractions for tourists
Blue Mountains National Park They include the island's highest point, Blue Mountain Peak, at 2256 m Attracts walkers to the island to experience the views of the whole country
Montego Bay Tropical climate, and clean and beautiful waters. Attracts tourists for scuba diving, bars and top restaurants.
Benefits of tourism to Jamaica
300,000 jobs created in Jamaica linked to tourism
15% of Jamaica’s GDP comes from tourism. This allows them to develop key infrastructure.
Multiplier effect – Workers in other sectors benefit. For example farmers grow food that hotels buy. Farmers then pay tax on earnings and also spend their money elsewhere.
Jamaican’s have more money to spend. Boosting the economy.
Blue Mountains attracts ecotourists – Meaning the tourism there is sustainable
Negative effects of tourism in Tanzania
Jamaica’s location means that it is vulnerable to hurricanes. This may put off some tourists
Tourism is affected by world events, like terrorism, so if a lot of workers are employed in the sector, one external problem, could cause many job losses.
Many high paid jobs go to the managers from HICs. Low paid jobs to locals
Leakage – many hotels are owned by HIC companies, so money does not stay in Jamaica.
New roads/hotels can lead to deforestation and reduction in farmland for locals
Many jobs are seasonal. Meaning some people are unemployed for part of the year.

10. Case Study – Nigeria Some LICs and NEEs are experiencing rapid economic development which leads to significant social, environmental and cultural change
Location social detail
It is a country in West Africa that is over 3 times larger than the UK.
It lies just north of the Equator, with a south coast on the Gulf of Guinea, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean.
Social and cultural
Nigeria gained independence from UK in 1960.
There are over 500 ethnic groups.
Rapid urbanisation has meant that people have migrated around the country and broken down some of these traditional boundaries.
Importance of Nigeria
It has the biggest economy in Africa
Nigeria is 7th most populated country in the world (184m)
and is predicted to be the 4th most populated country by 2050
(390m). It is the 2nd fastest growing economy in the world behind
China. It is predicted that by 2050 it will be one of the top 10
economies in the world.

11. Environment - The geography of Nigeria changes dramatically as you move further north. From tropical mangrove in the south to drier savannah almost desert conditions in the north
North
South
Political
Now has a stable democracy with regular elections.
Extremist organisation Boko Haram in the north, want to set up its own government under Sharia Law. Since ,000 have been killed and over half a million have left the area.
Progress in Nigeria is strong and this was shown by how they dealt with the ebola outbreak. Tracing everyone that had come into contact with an ebola victim. 11,000 people died worldwide (mainly in Africa) and only 8 of these were in Nigeria.
Nigeria’s Changing industrial structure
Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and the second fastest growing in the world. Although GDP has grown, many people are still poor living on less that $1.25 per day = big inequality. Most of the wealth is in the south of the country around Lagos.
Nigeria is changing from mainly agricultural, to an industrial economy.
Over 50% of the economy comes from manufacturing and servicing. See
pie chart.
This reflects a change frommainly rural to an urban population.
The importance of oil and manufacturing in the Nigerian economy
Oil was discovered in 1950s and oil and gas now account for 14% of Nigeria’s GDP and 95% of earnings from exports. This reliance on money from oil makes ot vulnerable to changes on oil prices.
Other manufacturing industries have developed in Nigeria. One of Nigeria’s biggest companies is Dangote Cement, which hasexpanded into 13 other African countries.
Oil and new manufacturing companies stimulate economic growth by:
Creating jobs, giving people an income and then contributing to Nigeria’s wealth through taxes
Allows government to improve infrastructure
Improving living standards by the actual products being produced.

12. The role of Transnational companies (TNCs)
The oil industry in Nigeria is mainly based in the richer south of the country on the delta of the River Niger. The oil boom took off here in the 1970s and attracted the expertise and money of large TNCs such as Shell, Exxon-Mobil.
TNCs are attracted to the area due to the access to new sources of income. Nigeria is rich in fossil fuels such as oil and gas, from which they can make a profit. Labour is also cheap, so mnufacturing costs can be kept low.
Advantages of TNCs
Disadvantages of TNCs
Bring new investment into Nigeria
Provide jobs at higher than average wage
Bring expertise and skills
Have international links with world markets
Provide technology that helps economic development
Take profits out of the country to pay shareholders
Wage levels in LICs and NEEs are usually lower than in HICs
Can cause environmental damage and deplete resources
TNCs can suddenly withdraw investment
They are powerful and can influence the government

13. Nigeria’s changing political relationships with the wider world
For 300 years Britain had a trading relationship with West Africa
(including Nigeria). Nigeria was ruled by Britain until 1960 until
it became independent. By then trade links were well established
between the two countries.
Nigeria’s changing political relationships with the wider world
For 300 years Britain had a trading relationship with West Africa
(including Nigeria). Nigeria was ruled by Britain until 1960 until
it became independent. By then trade links were well established
between the two countries.
How have things changed?
Nigeria still trades with the UK,
but most trade is now with some of the world’s largest
economies. Nigeria’s main import partner is now China.
There is also growing Chinese investment in Nigeria.
Nigeria and China both benefit from this relationship.

14. Section C – The Challenge of Resource management

15. Increases food production without using artificial chemicals
Jamalpur, Bangladesh - an example of a local scheme in an LIC or NEE to increase sustainable supplies of food.
Location and Reasons for erosion
Jamalpur is located in the north of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is in Asia, to the east of India.
The area relies on agriculture (farming) for nearly 60% of its income.
49% of the population live on less than $1.25 per day
Most people are subsistence farmers (grow food just to feed their family)
What other problems does the area face
Food production in the area is extremely insecure because food production was unsustainable.
Intervention by charity Practical Action put in place Rice – fish farming
Charity workers and farmers build a ditch and mound around the outside of the field
Fish added to ditch where they can live during dry season
Farmer plants. When rice starts to shoot, water level increased to flood whole field.
The fish and plants live alongside each other.
At harvest time the farmer harvests the rice, then drains the rice field where some can easily be caught
How is the scheme sustainable?
Farmers previous only produced enough food for 2/3 of the year. Now surplus food can be sold – to increase income
Increases food production without using artificial chemicals
Farmers can now afford to send children to school  improves education and job prospects
Doesn’t impact on local environment
What are the benefits of the scheme?
Rice and fish are mutually beneficial
Fish feces adds natural fertilizer for the rice
Fish eat insect pests
Fish circulate oxygen
Plants protect the fish from predators
The fish reproduce and produce free food
Rice yields have increased by 10%. Plus farmers have a supply of fish.

16. Question 4 is on Rivers – DO NOT DO THIS QUESTION
Section C – Physical Landscapes in The UK
Please note that Section C incorporates questions 3 and 5
Question 3 – Coasts
Question 5 – Glaciation
Question 4 is on Rivers – DO NOT DO THIS QUESTION

17. Features of defence at Mappleton (village on Holderness Coast)
Case Study: Mappleton on the Holderness Coast
PLC Check – Evaluate the management of a named coastline
Location and Reasons for erosion
Holderness Coast is between Flamborough Head and Spurn Point
The coastline is made up of boulder clay (soft)
Strong destructive waves from the north east regularly undercut the cliffs causing slumping
On average waves remove 10 metres of land each year along the Holderness Coastline.
Mappleton
Why protect Mappleton?
Mappleton only a small village
Main coastal road (B1242) runs through Mappleton Village
It has a number of businesses (garage) who fought for a groyne to be built (Hard Engineering).
Features of defence at Mappleton (village on Holderness Coast)
£2 million was spent in 1990 on hard sea defences. Blocks of granite from Norway were imported and placed at the bottom of the cliffs and for a groyne.
The groyne has cause material to build up, and formed a larger beach at Mappleton
Costs (negatives)
Longshore drift has prevented material being moved further south than Mappleton
The groyne has had devastating consequences along the coastline, reducing the movement of sand and making narrower beaches.
Further down the coast, the sea regularly attacks the base of the cliff meaning erosion has speeded up.