1. Matthew 20:1-16:
1 “For the kingdom of heaven is like a master of a house who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. 2 After agreeing with the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard. 3 And going out about the third hour he saw others standing idle in the marketplace, 4 and to them he said, ‘You go into the vineyard too, and whatever is right I will give you.’ 5 So they went. Going out again about the sixth hour and the ninth hour, he did the same. 6 And about the eleventh hour he went out and found others standing. And he said to them, ‘Why do you stand here idle all day?’ 7 They said to him, ‘Because no one has hired us.’ He said to them, ‘You go into the vineyard too.’

2. Matthew 20:1-16:
8 And when evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his foreman, ‘Call the laborers and pay them their wages, beginning with the last, up to the first.’ 9 And when those hired about the eleventh hour came, each of them received a denarius. 10 Now when those hired first came, they thought they would receive more, but each of them also received a denarius. 11 And on receiving it they grumbled at the master of the house, 12 saying, ‘These last worked only one hour, and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.’

3. Matthew 20:1-16:
13 But he replied to one of them, ‘Friend, I am doing you no wrong. Did you not agree with me for a denarius? 14 Take what belongs to you and go. I choose to give to this last worker as I give to you. 15 Am I not allowed to do what I choose with what belongs to me? Or do you begrudge my generosity?’ 16 So the last will be first, and the first last.”

5. A quick overview of the parable
Matthew 20:1-7: 1 “For the kingdom of heaven is like a master of a house who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. 2 After agreeing with the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard. 3 And going out about the third hour he saw others standing idle in the marketplace, 4 and to them he said, ‘You go into the vineyard too, and whatever is right I will give you.’ 5 So they went. Going out again about the sixth hour and the ninth hour, he did the same. 6 And about the eleventh hour he went out and found others standing. And he said to them, ‘Why do you stand here idle all day?’ 7 They said to him, ‘Because no one has hired us.’ He said to them, ‘You go into the vineyard too.’

6. A quick overview of the parable
Matthew 20:8-10: 8 And when evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his foreman, ‘Call the laborers and pay them their wages, beginning with the last, up to the first.’ 9 And when those hired about the eleventh hour came, each of them received a denarius. 10 Now when those hired first came, they thought they would receive more, but each of them also received a denarius. 

7. A quick overview of the parable
Matthew 20:11-12: 11 And on receiving it they grumbled at the master of the house, 12 saying, ‘These last worked only one hour, and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.’
To the workers hired first, the pay doesn’t seem FAIR. They expected a different hierarchy of pay or reward.

8. A quick overview of the parable
Matthew 20:13-16: 13 But he replied to one of them, ‘Friend, I am doing you no wrong. Did you not agree with me for a denarius? 14 Take what belongs to you and go. I choose to give to this last worker as I give to you. 15 Am I not allowed to do what I choose with what belongs to me? Or do you begrudge my generosity?’ 16 So the last will be first, and the first last.”

9. A quick overview of the parable
This is one of the hardest parables to understand
Two very important clues to help us know what Jesus meant:
The parable is framed up by two similar phrases:
Matthew 19:30: 30 But many who are first will be last, and the last first.
Matthew 20:16:  16 So the last will be first, and the first last.
The context of Matthew 18-20:
People are concerned about who is first/last, greatest/least

10. The parable’s context – A rich man
Matthew 19:16-22: 16 And behold, a man came up to him, saying, “Teacher, what good deed must I do to have eternal life?” 17 And he said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments.” 18 He said to him, “Which ones?” And Jesus said, “You shall not murder, You shall not commit adultery, You shall not steal, You shall not bear false witness, 19 Honor your father and mother, and, You shall love your neighbor as yourself.”

11. The parable’s context – A rich man
Matthew 19:16-22: 20 The young man said to him, “All these I have kept. What do I still lack?” 21 Jesus said to him, “If you would be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me.” 22 When the young man heard this he went away sorrowful, for he had great possessions.

12. The parable’s context – Jesus’ disciples
Matthew 19:27-30: 27 Then Peter said in reply, “See, we have left everything and followed you. What then will we have?” 28 Jesus said to them, “Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of Man will sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. 29 And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or lands, for my name's sake, will receive a hundredfold and will inherit eternal life. 30 But many who are first will be last, and the last first.

13. The parable’s context – Jesus’ disciples
Matthew 19:27-30: 27 Then Peter said in reply, “See, we have left everything and followed you. What then will we have?” 28 Jesus said to them, “Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of Man will sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel. 29 And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or lands, for my name's sake, will receive a hundredfold and will inherit eternal life. 30 But many who are first will be last, and the last first.
Vs. 30 is an encouragement to the disciples
Vs. 30 is also a warning to the disciples

14. The parable’s context – Jesus’ disciples
Matthew 18:1: 1 At that time the disciples came to Jesus, saying, “Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?”

15. The parable’s context – Jesus’ disciples
Matthew 18:1: 1 At that time the disciples came to Jesus, saying, “Who is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?”
Matthew 20:20-21: 20 Then the mother of the sons of Zebedee came up to him with her sons, and kneeling before him she asked him for something. 21 And he said to her, “What do you want?” She said to him, “Say that these two sons of mine are to sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your kingdom.”
Low earthly status nor spiritual maturity are a guarantee that you won’t struggle with a desire to be first or greatest.

16. The danger of wanting to be first
A preoccupation with greatness or being first leads to division

17. The danger of wanting to be first
A preoccupation with greatness or being first leads to division
Luke 22:24: “A dispute also arose among them [the disciples], as to which of them was to be regarded as the greatest.”

18. The danger of wanting to be first
A preoccupation with greatness or being first leads to division
A preoccupation with greatness or being first leads to excluding others
Matthew 19:13-15: 13 Then children were brought to him that he might lay his hands on them and pray. The disciples rebuked the people,14 but Jesus said, “Let the little children come to me and do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven.”15 And he laid his hands on them and went away.

19. We are poor judges of fairness

20. God is not just fair but deeply gracious in giving reward
In the parable:
The owner was just (he never failed to pay what he promised)
The owner was generous (he simply gave more than expected to some)

21. God is not just fair but deeply gracious in giving reward
In the parable:
Just after the parable:
Matthew 20:17-19: 17 And as Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, he took the twelve disciples aside, and on the way he said to them, 18 “See, we are going up to Jerusalem. And the Son of Man will be delivered over to the chief priests and scribes, and they will condemn him to death 19 and deliver him over to the Gentiles to be mocked and flogged and crucified, and he will be raised on the third day.”