1. Case Studies Paper 1 Physical Geography GCSE Revision Booklet
Name:________________________
Teacher______________________
Physical Geography GCSE Revision Booklet
Paper 1 includes the following topics:
Section A: The challenge of natural hazards Section B: The living world Section C: Physical landscapes in the UK
Paper 1 
Case Studies
Exam 21st May 2019
This booklet contains the important content and case studies that you will need to learn “off by heart”.

2. Section A – The Challenge of Natural Hazards

3. Case Study 1: Christchurch, New Zealand (HIC Earthquake)
Causes
A 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck New Zealand at 12:51 on 22 Feb 2011.
It occurred on a conservative plate margin where the Pacific Plate slid past the Australian Plate in the opposite direction.
Effects
Primary: 185 people died - Most of the victims were killed in two large building collapses: 115 people died when the six-storey CTV building collapsed, and 18 people died when the 4-storey PGC building collapsed.
2000 were injured as a result of the earthquake.
Secondary: Liquefaction- underground water in the soil comes to the surface. Thick muddy slush spreads everywhere, causing buildings and other structures to sink into the ground. Many roads, footpaths, schools and houses were flooded with silt.
50% of buildings damaged
Responses
Immediate: Many people left Christchurch heading to small towns in the South Island.
Electricity was restored to 75% of the city within three days.
Rescue crews from Japan, USA, UK, Taiwan, Australia and other countries.
800 farmers (Farmy Army) who brought their farm machines and muscle to help clean up the city.
Long term: 10,000 buildings had to be demolished.
$898 million paid in building claims.
Many people needed to use portable or chemical toilets, and got their water from tankers for months after the quake.
Water supplies and sewerage systems took several years to restore in some areas affected by liquefaction.

4. Case Study 2: Nepal (LIC Earthquake)
Causes
The 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit at 2:11pm GMT on Saturday 25th April 2015.
Nepal is located on the Indian Eurasian collision plate boundary. The Indian plate continues to move northward into the Eurasian Plate
Effects
Primary: 9,000 people died and 20,000 injured with a third of the population affected
Important UNESCO world heritage landmarks in Kathmandu destroyed, including the royal palaces
7,000 schools destroyed
50% of shops were destroyed affecting food supply
Secondary: Landslides triggered blocking roads and River Kali causing an evacuation in case of flooding
3 million people left homeless
Avalanches on Mount Everest killed 19 people
Cost of damage estimated at over US$10 Billion
Amount of tourists plummeted to just a third of the numbers visiting before the earthquake
1.4 million needed food, water and shelter
Responses
Immediate: International aid from UK, Pakistan and China providing search and rescue teams, water and medical support
With only 9 helicopters the Nepal Army could only reach a few of the most badly injured from remote areas including those caught in the avalanche on Mount Everest and villages cut off by landslides
Half a million tents to provide shelter for the homeless
Long term: UNESCO World heritage sites to be restored
Stricter controls on building codes
Repairs to Everest base camp and trekking routes
$450 million of international aid to help rebuild
You must revise so that you can compare the effects (primary and secondary) and the responses (immediate and long-term) between the Hic and LIC case studies AND explain why there were differences

5. Summary of last 2 pages - Comparison of the effects and responses between a HIC and LIC
You need to be able to compare the effects and responses between a HIC and LIC and explain why these differences occurred
HIC - New Zealand (Christchurch)
LIC - Nepal
Primary Effects 
185 people died
2000 were injured as a result of the earthquake.
Many buildings collapsed including the CTV building
9,000 people died
20,000 injured with a third of the population affected
Important buildings in Kathmandu destroyed, including the royal palaces
7,000 schools destroyed
50% of shops were destroyed affecting food supply
Secondary Effects
Liquefaction- underground water in the soil comes to the surface.. Many roads, footpaths, schools and houses were flooded with silt.
Landslides triggered
3 million people left homeless
Avalanches on Mount Everest killed 19 people
Cost of damage estimated at over US$10 Billion
Amount of tourists plummeted to just a third of the numbers visiting before the earthquake
1.4 million needed food, water and shelter
Immediate Responses
Evacuation - Many people left Christchurch heading to small towns in the South Island.
Electricity was restored to 75% of the city within three days.
800 farmers (Farmy Army) who brought their farm machines and muscle to help clean up the city.
International aid from UK, Pakistan and China
Half a million tents to provide shelter for the homeless
Nepal Army only has 9 helicopters, many remote areas not accessed
Long-term responses
10,000 buildings had to be demolished.
$898 million paid in building claims.
Electricity restored to 75% of city within 3 days
UNESCO World heritage sites to be restored
Stricter controls on building codes
Repairs to Everest base camp and trekking routes
$450 million of international aid to help rebuild

6. Case Study: Hurricane Katrina
Causes
Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans on the 29th August New Orleans is located in a basin that is below sea level so is already vulnerable to flooding.
Effects
Primary: Storm surges reached over 6 metres in height.
New Orleans was one of the worst affected areas even though it is protected by levees. The levee defences were unable to cope with the strength of Katrina, and water flooded into the city.
1,200 drowned in the floods.
Secondary: Oil facilities were damaged and as a result petrol prices rose in the UK and USA.
1 million people made homeless
Looting became a major issue.
Cost of the damage totalled $81 billion.
80% of the city was flooded.
Racial tensions increased as many of the worst affected were African Americans
Responses
Immediate: Despite an evacuation order, many of the poorest people remained in the city.
30,000 people sought refuge in the Superdome stadium (designed to hold 800). Conditions were unhygienic, and there was a shortage of food and water.
The UK government sent food aid during the early stages of the recovery process.
58,000 National Guard personnel were mobilised to restore and maintain law and order.
Long term: $50 billion in aid was given by the government.
100,000 trailers provided for the homeless.
Flood water pumped out of New Orleans into a nearby lake.
Some insurance companies refuse to insure homes in the area and those that do charge a very high rate.

7. Case Study 4: Prolonged heavy rain/Flooding in Cumbria Dec, 2015
Causes
Weather
The storm Desmond brought record high rainfall – 348mm fell in a 24hr period.
Rock type
The rock types in the area are slate, limestone and granite which are all impermeable (water can’t get through) rock.
Ground Conditions
Following a wet Autumn, this fell on already saturated ground.
Relief
Steep hill slopes meant that it flowed into rivers quickly
River networks/ tributaries
Cockermouth is a small town that lies on the confluence of 2 rivers (the Cocker and the Derwent) – this causes a ‘bottle neck effect’.
Urbanisation
Homes and businesses have been built on the floodplain. This makes the ground impermeable.

8. Managing the risk of heavy rain and flooding in Cumbria
Effects
Primary: In Cumbria and Lancashire more than 43,000 homes are suffering from power cuts.
An estimated 5,200 homes have been affected by flooding
The weather has claimed two lives - in Cumbria and the Republic of Ireland
Low-lying farmland and livestock swamped by flood water
Secondary: £500 million worth of damage caused across Cumbria, this is double that of the flood in 2009.
Environmental damage – Thousands of trees ripped up by fast flowing torrents of water, millions of tons of sediment was transported by the river and deposited on floodplains and settlements
There are no trains running between England and Scotland vie Preston, and roads have closed in the worst-affected areas.
Responses
Immediate: 100 flood warnings and 70 flood alerts were put in place.
Around 350 troops from 2nd Battalion Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment provided assistance and took supplies to remote areas such as Patterdale and Glenridding.
£400,000 was donated within 48 hours by the public after a £1m appeal was launched to help people affected by flooding.
Royal Engineers were deployed to help in the emergency response and recovery after the floods and conducted technical assessments on at-risk and damaged bridges. More engineers were on standby.
Long term: Government announced a £50m repair and renew scheme for Cumbria and Lancashire after the floods.
£4.5 million spent on new flood defences.
New flood agreement between the government and insurance companies. New housing on floodplains face higher insurance bills to deter construction in these areas.
Managing the risk of heavy rain and flooding in Cumbria
Dredging the silt from the river
Removal of sediment at the bottom of the river making it deeper and able to hold more water so less likely to flood.
Environmental Agency issue flood warnings via text message
People are made aware of the flood risk and are able to prepare their home/evacuate as needed.
Self raising barriers
Flood barriers which respond automatically to rising river levels to prevent flooding.
River embankment walls
Walls built at either side of a river to prevent the river bursting its banks and flooding.
Strengthening of Botcherby bridge
Concrete added onto the mesh cage which has been drilled into the bridge to provide extra strength to protect transport links.
Permanent flood barrier structure
Stone built walls with glass to prevent flooding of businesses but still allow visitors to enjoy the scenery.

9. Section B – The Living World

10. Case Study of a UK Ecosystem
Epping Forest
Location: South-east England
North-east of London
Case Study
A large number of native trees found in the tree foliage include oak, elm, ash and beech.
May find 20 species of dragonfly in the shrub layer.
A lower shrub layer of Holly and Hazel at 5m overlying a field layer of grasses, brambles, bracken, fern and flowering plants, 177 species of moss and lichen grow at Epping Forest.
Mammals, amphibian and reptile species call Epping Forest their home. You may find these close to the forest floor or in the shrub layer.
38 species of birds are supported in the tree foliage.
700 species of Fungi can be found at Epping forest, most likely on the forest floor.
Causes of Change
In the years 1976 to 1977, England experienced a drought that killed many trees.
A further 15 million trees were felled by a great storm in 1987.
Restoration of the woodland
In Epping Forest, East London more cattle grazing has been introduced into the ecosystem (ecosystem restoration) to encourage growth of flora (vegetation) such as veteran trees (legacy trees such as oak) as these declined from due to extreme weather causing drought and felled trees. The oak allows fauna (animals) to consume it increasing or maintaining the number of species in the forest.
Grazing allows more flowers to flourish than mowing would. Low-growing species such as Birds-foot Trefoil only thrive where the thatch of dead grass stems is regularly removed and hooves create bare ground.

11. Why do we need to protect the rainforest?
Case Study - Tropical Rainforest - Amazon Rainforest Brazil
Location - Northern part of
South America. The rainforest
covers much of the north and
north-east of Brazil.  Note that
most deforestation is
happening south of The
Amazon River, this is due to
the location of the major cities such as Sao Paulo, Brasilia and Rio de Janeiro. As a result, the areas south of The Amazon are the areas that allow easiest access to the rainforest for people.
Why do we need to protect the rainforest?
Goods
Services
NATIVE food crops (fruit / nuts)
Meat & fish
Building materials (timber)
Energy from HEP
Water
Medicines
Air purification
Water & nutrient recycling
Protection against soil erosion
Biodiversity
Employment opportunities
Deforestation still happening, but in Brazil the rate it is happening is slowing down.

12. Causes of Deforestation
Logging
Timber companies most interested in teak and mahogany. They are sold around the world for furniture
mineral extraction
Many minerals are found beneath stretches of the rainforest of Brazil. Here it is mainly for the extraction of gold.
In 1999, there were 10,000 hectares of land being used for gold mining. Today it is over 50,000 hectares
Energy development
An unlimited supply of water, and ideal river conditions have encouraged dams to be built to generate hydro-electric power. Huge areas of the rainforest are flooded. The dams often have short life spans as the submerged forest rots making the water very acidic. This corrodes the HEP turbines.
Subsistence farming
This is done by the indigenous tribes and causes very little damage to the rainforest. It is sometimes known as slash and burn. Small areas of rainforest are cleared for small scale farming. The tribes then move on to other areas allowing the area to recover over years.
Commercial farming - cattle
Large areas have been cleared to raise livestock. The rearing of cattle is estimated to account for 80% of the cleared rainforest. However, the quality of the land quickly deteriorates and new areas have to be cleared.
Commercial farming - crops
Crops such as bananas, soya , tea and coffee are grown. The amount of rainforest cleared for soya doubled between 1990 and The nutrients in the soil are quickly used, and new areas have to be cleared
Road building
The Trans-Amazonian Highway is 4,000km long. Although the road itself does not clear a huge area of the rainforest, it has opened up the rainforest of Brazil.
Settlement, population growth
All of the above activities need workers, and they and their families need homes. That in turn requires the clearing of rainforest to build settlements.

13. Impacts / Effects of Deforestation in The Brazilian Amazon
Impacts of deforestation can be categorized into Global and Local Impacts
Global Warming
The trees in the rainforest absorb carbon dioxide. This stops when the rainforest is cleared. Also, fire is often used in clearing rainforest.
Loss of biodiversity
It is estimated that 137 plant, animal and insect species are being lost daily, 50,000 per year. With this are possible cures for diseases.
Decline of indigenous tribes
There are now only 240 tribes left compared with 330 in Contact with the outside world also brings with it diseases for which they have no immunity.
Soil erosion
When the forest is cleared, the topsoil is quickly eroded by heavy rainfall. Once this is removed there is little chance of anything growing again.
River pollution
Mercury used in the separation of gold quickly enters rivers. Fish poisoned along with people in nearby towns.
Local Climate Change
Deforestation disrupts the water cycle. The local climate becomes drier. The recycling of water acts as a cooler, and once this recycling stops, the local climate becomes warmer.
Conflict
Disputes between indigenous people and loggers / developers can result in conflict. There may also be conflict between developers / loggers and conservation groups.

14. Sustainable Management of The Brazilian Rainforest
Sustainable Development - Development which meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable management at an international level
1 Inter-government agreements
Tropical Timber Agreement (2006)
Trade in hard woods is restricted. Can only trade in timber which has been felled in a sustainable way. This timber will be certified and stamped with a registration number.
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (1973)
Blocks illegal trade in rare and endangered species
2 Debt Reduction by HICs
Many countries with tropical rainforests are NEEs or LICs and often have large debts – This encourages them to trade in goods from the rainforest.
Some HICs write off debts
Some agreements “debt-for-nature”. E.G USA converted a Brazilian debt of £13.5m into a fund to protect large area of rainforest
3 Conservation and education by NGOs (non-governmental organisations)
Eg WWF, Birdlife International
Rely on volunteers & donations
Promote conservation through education in schools and colleges
Promote training for conservation workers
Buy up threatened areas and promote sustainable programmes
Sustainable management at a Local Level
1) Selective Logging - only fell trees when they are fully grown, allows younger trees to mature and protect the ground from erosion.
2) Stop Illegal Logging – Satellites and drones used, although very difficult due to size of rainforest of Brazil.
3) Agroforestry – Combining crops and trees in carefully controlled cleared areas.
4) Replanting - Seeds from remaining areas Grow into saplings in nurseries. Replant in cleared areas.
5) Ecotourism – Scenery, wildlife and remoteness attract tourists. Visitors are educated. Employs local people and uses local produce, profits stay in the local community.

15. Case Study of a Desert Biome
Western Desert - USA
Location: West coast of USA in North America. Made up of three different hot deserts.
These are the Mojave Desert, part of the Sonoran Desert and part of the Chihuahuan Desert.
In total, the Western Desert covers 200,000 square kilometres.
Development Opportunities in The western Desert
Farming – California’s Coachella Valley produces lush crops of vegetables, lemons, peppers and grapes (and in turn, a wine industry). Farming is only successful if sufficient supplies of water can be found. Two important sources of irrigation water are:
aquifers: large stores of water lie beneath some hot desert regions.
canals: most canals are used for large-scale industrialised agriculture. Farmers are allocated 80 per cent of Colorado water, even though they make up just 10 per cent of the economy.
Mineral extraction
The Western Desert states are rich in minerals, including copper, uranium, lead, zinc and coal.
Copper mining has taken place for centuries in the Sonoran Desert at the Ajo Copper Mine, Arizona. The lack of water discouraged large-scale mining and settlement until underground water was found in an ancient lava flow north of Ajo. Today, opencast mining is carried out on a large scale.
Energy
Strong energy from the sun (insolation). The Sonoran Solar Project in Arizona is a new solar power plant project that will ultimately produce energy for 100,000 homes and requires 360 workers to help build it.
Hydroelectric power (HEP) plants also supply Western Desert
communities with some of their electricity.
Fossil fuels - Today, there are 25 active oil production sites, all of which are on land owned by the Navajo people. More than 100 employees work to produce oil worth US$50 million.
Tourism
As US society has grown to have more money and leisure time, tourism has become the Western Desert’s most important source of income:
The national parks offer visitors a chance to experience a wilderness area. Important areas include the Grand Canyon and California’s Joshua Tree National Park (named after the dominant plant type).
The entire economy of Las Vegas is built around entertainment, attracting 37 million visitors per year.

16. Water Supply Challenges for Development in The Western Desert
Extreme temperatures
Temperatures this high are approaching the survival limit of plants, and therefore no provision of food for humans. In Death Valley, temperatures reach up to 50C. No settled population in some areas of The Western Desert
Accessibility
Parts of the Western Desert have low population density of less than one person per square kilometre. As a result, huge areas lack surfaced roads. This makes development in these areas very difficult. Tourists and explorers must find their own way, and many get lost.
Some areas of Western Desert can be reached easily. Train stations set up in 1800s, led to development of towns like Las Vegas. This can now easily be reached by road and air.
Water Supply
Opportunities in farming and tourism if issues of water storage could be tackled. Colorado River – 2,300km river bringing meltwater from the Rocky Mountains. Water flow very erratic though  huge volumes in summer when snow and ice melts, but low flow between September and April. In 1935, work started on the Hoover Dam. This created Lake Mead which stores two years river flow. Smooths out the Colorado River’s flow throughout the year. Water piped along huge aqueducts like $4bn Central Arizona Project to towns and farm areas. Provides water for farming. 1.4 million acres of land irrigated through Colorado River, producing around 15% of USA’s crops and 13% of its livestock. Flooded huge areas of land including important ecosystems and towns.

17. Question 4 is on Rivers – DO NOT DO THIS QUESTION
Section C – Physical Landscapes in The UK
Please note that Section C incorporates questions 3 and 5
Question 3 – Coasts
Question 5 – Glaciation
Question 4 is on Rivers – DO NOT DO THIS QUESTION

18. Case Study: Lake District
An example of an upland area in the UK affected by glaciation to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.
Location: Lake District, Cumbria, North West England
Hellvellyn is an example of a Pyramidal Peak. It also has an arête next to it (in photo) called Striding Edge. Red Tarn in the tarn lake you can see in the corrie.
Coniston Water and Windermere are examples of ribbon lakes
Drumlins can be found in Swindale
The Bowder Stone is an example of an erratic deposited by a glacier.
Glacial Landforms on an OS Map

19. Topic: Glacial Landscapes of the UK
Case Study : Economic Activities in the Lake District Tourism
15.8 million visitors per year
Tourism generate £900 million
People visit to see the beautiful scenery and partake in activities such as walking / hiking, sailing and rock climbing
Positives
Public have access to beautiful scenery of UK
Tourism provides employment and income for local people and businesses.
Approximately 50% of the workforce in both the Windermere and Keswick areas is employed in hotels, catering and tourism related trades compared to about 6% nationally).
Services provided for the use of tourists, eg leisure facilities, bus services etc also benefit local people.
Congestion (Social, economic and environmental)
Over 89% of visitors come by car, often for the day. Many roads are narrow and winding.
Buses and large delivery vehicles have to use these to service both locals and tourists. Towns like Bowness were not built originally for the huge volumes of traffic that arrive daily in the summer, especially at weekends.
Potential Solutions / Strategies
Often duel carriageways are built on the edges of the Lake District to help move traffic in and out as efficiently as possible (bypasses)
Park-and-ride schemes encourage people to leave their cars at the edge of the National Park and go by bus. Costs are lower than town car parks.
Public transport has been improved and subsidised, for example the 'Langdale Rambler' bus service. Visitors are encouraged to use the buses instead of bringing their cars into the national park.
Watersports / Boats on lakes (environmental)
Fuels spills on the lakes for example on Lake Windermere
The wash from fast boats is causing erosion on the banks of the lakes
Potential Solutions / Strategies
Speed limits for boats can limit the amount of wash caused, but prevent erosion speeds would have to be very low, which clashes with the main pleasure of the sport – going fast!
The speed limit on Windermere is 18kph.
Limiting the nosiest and most damaging sports to certain parts of the lake can restrict the amount of damage done.
Footpath erosion(environmental)
Many people go to the Lake District to take in the beautiful scenery and walk in the hills. Across the Lake District, 4 million walk at least 6km every year.
Potential Solutions / Strategies
In February 2004 £914,841 had been spent on The Upland Path Landscape Restoration Project (UPLRP) was a 10 year project involves digging stone into the ground to form good solid footfalls.
Housing issues (social)
Due to the high numbers of holiday homes, property prices are very high. Local people cannot afford to live there
Potential Solutions / Strategies
The ideal solution would be to build more homes. This though may ruin the environment, and would be very difficult to get planning permission. Not much has been done to solve this issue

20. Topic: Glacial Landscapes of the UK
Case Study : Economic Activities in the Lake District
Economic Activities in the Lake District – Other than tourism, other economic activities take place in The Lake District. These include Farming, Quarrying and Forestry. These activities bring many benefits, but can also cause conflict between different groups.
Quarrying
Creates jobs for local people. Rocks are quarried in upland areas. The rocks are used for building roads and homes in cities.
The rocks in upland areas tend to be harder, more resistant, such as slate, which make them good material for building. Also a lack of population means that the explosives used to shatter the rock in the quarry do not upset nearby residents.
Commercial Forestry
The slopes of the Lakes District are managed by the Forestry Commission. Trees are grown on the steep hill sides and the timber sold. Forestry Commission was set up so that the UK would never run out of wood. The wood is used for furniture, building houses and for biofuel.
Extensive Agriculture
Sheep are good climbers, low centre of gravity. Thick wool coats for warmth Will eat even the coarsest grass
Development / exploitation
Conservation / recreation
Sheep and deer farming
Forestry
Quarying
Reservoirs
Military Training
Wind turbines
Riding
Walking and climbing
Hunting and shooting
Photography and filming
Wildlife Conservation Y
Development / Exploitation
Conflict Matrix
Use the matrix opposite to decide whether there would be conflict between the two groups. One has been done for you – there would be conflict between photographers and groups wanting to put up wind turbines.

21. Case Study : Yorkshire Coast
PLC Check – Know a named case study and explain how different processes and factors have influenced the coast
Yorkshire Coastline
This part of the coast is formed with various types of rock. As a result, many different landforms have been created
Headlands and bays formed here due to the harder chalk being eroded less fast than the softer clay
Wave cut platform has formed here as the harder chalk rock is eroded at the base, the cliff above collapses
Filey
Flamborough Head
Hull
Bridlington
Withernsea
Hornsea
Headland erosion /caves / stacks / stumps. The chalk headlands are ideal for hydraulic action to exploit to cracks and form caves. These are further eroded into arches  stacks  stumps.
Spit, Spurn Point. Formed here due to longshore drift causing movement of material down the coast. The change in shape at The Humber Estuary causes deposition of material.
Cliff erosion – Cliffs are made of boulder clay (moraine deposited by glaciers) It is weakly bound together and therefore erodes easily

22. Features of defence at Mappleton (village on Holderness Coast)
Case Study: Mappleton on the Holderness Coast
PLC Check – Evaluate the management of a named coastline
Location and Reasons for erosion
Holderness Coast is between Flamborough Head and Spurn Point
The coastline is made up of boulder clay (soft)
Strong destructive waves from the north east regularly undercut the cliffs causing slumping
On average waves remove 10 metres of land each year along the Holderness Coastline.
Mappleton
Why protect Mappleton?
Mappleton only a small village
Main coastal road (B1242) runs through Mappleton Village
It has a number of businesses (garage) who fought for a groyne to be built (Hard Engineering).
Features of defence at Mappleton (village on Holderness Coast)
£2 million was spent in 1990 on hard sea defences. Blocks of granite from Norway were imported and placed at the bottom of the cliffs and for a groyne.
The groyne has cause material to build up, and formed a larger beach at Mappleton
Costs (negatives)
Longshore drift has prevented material being moved further south than Mappleton
The groyne has had devastating consequences along the coastline, reducing the movement of sand and making narrower beaches.
Further down the coast, the sea regularly attacks the base of the cliff meaning erosion has speeded up.