1. Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-induced activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-induced activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Schematic demonstrating the concept that circulating damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released after hypoxia, trauma, and cell death lead to TLR activation in immune cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Prolonged or excessive activation of TLRs on these cells provides a proinflammatory state, leading to endothelial dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease.
Styliani Goulopoulou et al. Pharmacol Rev 2016;68:
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