1. Socioeconomic disparity Psychological Factors
Factors that Inhibit Postpartum Breastfeeding for the Rural Population
An Integrated Review of Literature
Kiara Porties MS, with Larry Maturin MSN, APN, ACNS-BC, CEN, CCRN
DePaul University School of Nursing, Chicago, IL 60604
BACKGROUND
RESULTS
METHODOLOGY
Breastmilk is a crucial food for children’s health and development, it provides all of the vitamins, minerals, enzymes and antibodies that children need to grow and thrive in the first 6 months of life, and continues to be a crucial part of their diet up to the age of 2 or beyond
Breastmilk is safe: it is always the right temperature, requires no preparation, and is available even in environments with poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water. In this way, breastfeeding guarantees babies access to a reliable, sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Breastfeeding is defined by the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO); exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) – defined as the practice of only giving an infant breast-milk for the first 6 months of life (no other food or water), and breastfeeding (BF) for two years or beyond with complementary foods for achieving optimal growth and health (WHO, 2017).
According to World Health Organization (WHO), globally only 38% of infants aged 0 to 6 months are exclusively breastfed.
Psychosocial Factors
Smoking continuously throughout pregnancy higher rates of non initiation was observed.
Resumption of alcohol consumption yield comparable results
Being obese prior to pregnancy increased women’s risk of early cessation.
Elective cesarean delivery were independently associated with higher non initiation and cessation rates
Socioeconomic disparity
A significantly higher proportion of children delivered in health facilities began breastfeeding.
Low maternal education was associated with failure to breastfeed exclusively.
Mothers find BF extremely hard to juggle returning to work leading to non- initiation or early cessation
Psychological Factors
A history of depression as well as depression, anxiety and low social support during pregnancy are significant risk factors for early cessation.
A woman's level of confidence in her ability to maintain exclusive breastfeeding is a predictor of exclusive breastfeeding duration
Motivation to initiate and confidence to maintain exclusive breastfeeding were predictive of mother’s intention to exclusively breastfeed
Mothers’ inadequate knowledge about the importance of breast milk and breastfeeding techniques
The design of this study is an integrative literature review intended to determine what risks factors contribute to early cessation of exclusively breastfeeding prior to six months of infant’s age. Literature was obtained from two databases that included CINAHL and PubMed. Sources gathered included the key terms (a) breastfeeding, (b) attitude towards breastfeeding, (c) breastfeeding complications, (d) barriers towards breastfeeding
CONCLUSION
The health effects of breastfeeding are well recognized and apply to mothers and children worldwide. Women can be identified in the prenatal and early postpartum period for risk factors that affect initiation and duration of breastfeeding. This study showed that there are multiple risk factors that inhibit breastfeeding. Early identification of women at risk of poor well-being in the early postpartum, understanding fears or concerns and breastfeeding education can all help mothers successfully BF.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What factors contribute to determining mother’s initiation to exclusively breastfeed?
2. What risks factors contribute to early cessation of exclusively breastfeeding prior to six months of infant’s age?
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Recognition of a women’s planned behavior puts the implication of nursing awareness and nursing education as the priority to address these risk factors. By understanding each patient and being aware of individual needs nurses can determine effective ways to discuss breastfeeding. Nurses can help resolve risk factors by providing the appropriate resources pertaining to the issue.
Even with the established recommendations for breastfeeding practices many mothers do not participate in breastfeeding. There is a need for more research to be conducted on the reasons why mothers do not breastfeed exclusively and the risk factors associated with initiation and early cessation.
REFERENCES
Please see attachment.