1. United States History 8th Grade Mr. Guiel Final Exam Review

2. What were some positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange

3. The First People in America
Got here two ways…
Adapted to surroundings
Land Ownership???
What killed most Native Americans?

4. Early European Explorers
How did the Renaissance affect European exploration? More learning = more knowledge about what’s out there and more improvements in sailing
How did the Reformation affect exploration? Two religions = competition
What were the three main goals of European exploration (3 G’s)? Gold, God, Glory
Spain, England, and France pursue mercantilism…differently

5. The English Establish 13 Colonies
Jamestown = 1st Successful Attempt
1607
1st Representative Assembly (House of Burgesses)
Pocahontas
John Smith was a leader
Plymouth = 1620
Separatists
Religious Reasons
Pilgrims and 1st Thanksgiving
Squanto and Samoset helped
Mayflower Compact
Modern Boston
Puritans
“A City Set Upon a Hill”
John Winthrop

6. The New England, Middle, & Southern Colonies
How were the three regions different?
What made them start working together?
French and Indian War (us, England, and Iroqouis vs French, Huron, and Algonquin)
What did Franklin want? The Colonies were vulnerable because they were not united. England needs to help us too

7. Immune to European disease Knew European growing techniques already
What caused the increase in the use of African slaves in European colonies?
Immune to European disease
Knew European growing techniques already
1. What region had the highest number of slaves?
2. What was the Middle Passage? How many died here?

8. Colonial Resistance Grows
Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act of 1764
Quartering Act of 1765
Stamp Act of 1765
Declaratory Act of 1766
Townshend Acts of 1767
Writs of Assistance
The Boston Massacre
The Tea Act of 1773
The Intolerable/ Coercive Acts of 1774
Who were Sons of Liberty?
What did the Continental Congress do and who were some of the key members?
“No taxation without representation!” means what?

9. The War for Independence (Revolutionary War/American Revolution)
Beginning? End? Turning Point?
Misery at Valley Forge turns into good news
What significant advantages did the USA have over England?
Difficulties?

10. The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
July 4th, 1776
A “long train of abuses” to explain how British Government is guilty of a “breach of contract”
Reasons why we are separating
“…We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator will certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…”

11. Confederation to Constitution
Why replace the Articles of Confederation?
How did Federalists and Anti-Federalists disagree on how to fix these problems?
What are Strict and Loose Constructionists and who became which?

12. Convention Compromises

13. The Constitution, written 1787
Preamble: Why does this Constitution exist?
Articles 1-7: Ground rules for government
Amendments 1-10: Bill of Rights added in 1790
Amendments 11-27: Added occasionally over next 200 years
“…in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty…”

14. The United States Constitution
Seven Principles of the Constitution
Popular Sovereignty – a government in which the people rule.
Republicanism – “representative democracy” the people elect representatives to make laws and exercise the powers of government.
Federalism – a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and smaller political units, such as states.
Separation of Powers – the division of basic government roles into branches.
Checks and Balances – each branch of government can exercise checks, or controls, over the other branches.
Limited Government – “rule of law” in the American government everyone, citizens and powerful leaders alike, must obey the law
Individual Rights – personal liberties and privileges; the Bill of Rights.