1. Patents: From Draft to Grant, and Tackling Terminological Nightmares
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE
UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLE
Patents: From Draft to Grant, and Tackling Terminological Nightmares
Good morning everyone. Are you enjoying your conference? Thank you so much for coming to this session on patents and the difficulties they present.
My name is Heike Holthaus. ….. Michigan – cold- having a good time - when you chose this session you probably read my presenters bio, so I will not bore you by repeating what you already know.
We are about halfway through the conference, so I can skip asking you to turn off your cell phones.
Okay.lets jump right in
Heike Holthaus
Nadine Edwards
Nicholas Hartmann
Karen Tkaczyk
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

2. AGENDA Presentation Panel Discussion Why the trouble?
Options: PCT, EPC, Unitary Patent …
Parts of a patent
Special language of patents
Literal translation of patents
Panel Discussion
Solving terminological nightmares
Let's have a quick peek at the agenda for this session. When I first thought about he concept for this presentation, I was going to include more theory on the patent process itself. The panel and I then decided to instead focus more on the practical side, so I will just summarize why we have a patent system and different ways to obtain patent protection in Europe and then move on to the parts of the patent and into its special language and literal translation.
From there we will merge into the panel discussion.
Where Our panelist will talk about how they solved some of the terminological nightmares they encountered. And you get to ask your questions.
I am curious, by a show of hands:
Who is
Completely new to the world of patents
Just started in patent translation
Seasoned patent translators
Okay let's get started.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

3. The Patent System Innovators Competitors
make significant investments in developing new products
Competitors
benefit from their efforts
Heavy pressure
may drive the innovator out of business
Can offer similar or identical products at a cheaper price
Get a free ride on the back of the innovator's creativity and inventiveness
What is a patent good for?
Husband bought $600-scope
Friend brought box
$79.99 shipped
Impossible
Same box
Logo – check
Name- check
Scope – couldn't tell them apart
Really mad
Spend 10x as much
Long story short – really well made knock-off that had one design feature missing
Performance ??
This but one example for Whenever a new product is successful on the market, it is very likely that a competitor will attempt to make a similar or identical product and offer it for less.
Without the protection of a patent, competitors are free to hitch a ride on these efforts and costing the company that spend hundred of thousands of dollars in R&D and bringing the product to market big money by offering the copy for less.
Who is watching Shark Tank? What is one of the most asked question, when the Sharks consider investing in a start-up company?
Do you have a patent??
Not only do patents help innovators protect their inventions by providing them with ownership over their work and the right to exclude competitors from the production, import or sale of infringing goods, it also helps them secure funding for their company, for example.
Patent system Rights over the use of inventive processes, products and designs
rom Intellectual Property Teaching Kit with permission
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

4. Yesterday and Today Venetian Patent Statute of March 19, 1474
Therefore, decision will be passed that, by authority of this Council, each person who will make in this city any new ingenious contrivance, not made heretofore in our dominion, as soon as it is reduced to perfection, so that it can be used and exercised, shall give notice of the same to the office of our Provisioners of Common. It being forbidden to any other in any territory and place of ours to make any other contrivance in the form and resemblance thereof, without the consent and license of the author up to ten years.1
Yesterday
Today
Not made heretofore in our dominion
Novelty
So that it can be used and exercised
Industrial applicability
New ingenious contrivance
Inventiveness
Up to 10 years
Up to 20 years
Not published
Published
Protection limited to territory
Protection available worldwide
The idea of protecting inventions has been around for a very long time. In 1474 the Senate of the Republic of Venice established the Venetian Patent Statute, which is generally accepted to be the first patent act. It’s principles are still the basic principles of today’s patent law:
The invention must be new, have an inventive step, and be useful.
An important difference: Under the Venetian Patent Statute patents were not published – now they are.
1. WIKIPEDIA
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

5. Right to exclude Right to
exclude others from making, using or offering for sale, selling or importing a product that infringes his patent without his authorisation
in countries for which the patent was granted
for a limited time (up to 20 years).
Contrary to what some believe, a patent does not confer a RIGHT TO USE: meaning it does not give the patent owner the right to make, use or sell the invention.
A patent is a legal document that provides the patent owner with the RIGHT TO EXCLUDE, where the patent owner has the right to decide who may – or may not – use the patented invention for the period in which the invention is protected. In other words, patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed, imported, or sold by others without the patent owner's consent, in the countries in which the patent was granted, for up to 20 years.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

6. Patent Qualifies for protection Does not qualify for protection
- Products, devices, systems
- Chemical substances, pharmaceuticals
- Processes, methods, uses
- Biotechnological inventions
- Plant and animal varieties obtained by genetic engineering
Does not qualify for protection
- Discoveries, scientific theories, mathematical methods
- Blueprints, patterns, teaching methods, rules for playing games,
- accounting systems, programs for computers
- Plant and animal varieties obtained by an essentially biological
process
A patent may be granted for
But not for …..
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

7. The Patent Process Paris Convention International Patent
Regional Phase
Unitary Patent
EPC
Many ways lead to Rome and there are many ways to obtain a patent. So the inventor will have to make some choices:
Where am I going to seek protection? Nationally? Internationally? In how many countries? Regionally in Europe? All these questions actually will boil down to “ How much money and time do I want to invest in patent protection” or “what makes economic sense”.
While an in-depth exploration of all of the options is beyond the scope of this presentation, so a short comparison will have to do for now:
PCT
Direct filing
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

8. © 2018 Heike Holthaus Explain table
Patent filers are still waiting for The European patent with unitary effect (EPUE), or more commonly known as the unitary patent to come into effect. Though the EU regulations establishing the Unitary Patent system entered into force on 20 January 2013, they will only apply as from the date of entry into force of the Unitary Patent Court Agreement, which is now expected to become operational during the course of 2019 or even 2020 because of a complaint filed wit the German Constitutional Court.
Compared to the “classical” European patent which becomes a bundle of national patents validated in each Member State where protection is requested, the Unitary patent will basically be one patent valid in 26 Member States of the European Union. The unitary patent can be filed in three of the languages of the Union: English, German or French, and there will be no need for national validation.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

9. Structure of a Patent Parts of the Patent
Cover page:
Bibliographical information
Title
Abstract
Representative drawing
Intro slide…
This is an example of a US-Patent for an auto-injector.
The first page of the patent will have general information such as
(10) Patent Number
(45) Date of Patent
(54) Title
(75) Inventor
(73) Assignee
(21) Application Number
(51) International Classification
(52) US Cl.
(56) References Cited
(57) Abstract
And a representative drawing
The Numbers in front of the various paragraphs are called INID Codes, which is short for "internationally agreed numbers for the identification of bibliographic data”
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

10. Structure of a Patent Parts of the Patent
Abstract
Figures (US)
Specification
Background of the Invention/Technical Field
Summary of the Invention
Brief Description of the Drawings
Detailed Description
Claims
Figures (Europe)
Patents follow a particular structure.
The cover page contains the Abstract: Which is a brief description of the invention, usually limited to150 words. It is often taken from claim 1 with slight changes for readability, such as separating the text into several sentences.
The Specification starts with giving the Background of the invention or Technical field by informing what the invention relates to. It sets the stage for the detailed description and ultimately the claims by describing, the problem being solved with the invention, the prior art, meaning the attempts made previously to solve the problem and how other inventions fall short of solving the problem. This is often being expressed with “ it is the object of the invention…” at the end of the Background section.
The Summary states how the invention solves the problem or the advantages it offers and is followed by a brief description of the drawings, called Figures in the text.
The section Detailed Description of the invention provides just that: a detailed description of how to practice the invention with reference to the figures.
And last but certainly not least; the claims
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

11. Structure of a Patent Parts of the Patent
Claim 17 of WO 2008/116165
LONGEST CLAIM:
12 Pages – words
Claims
Independent Claims
Preamble
Transitional Phrase
Body
Dependent Claims
Preamble (according to claim X)
At the end of every patent is a numbered list of patent claims. The claims very specifically define what is patentable about the invention. If the patent is ever challenged, the court will look to the language in the claims. The claims are usually written by a patent attorney, using language that seems very odd to those not used to patent language. The structure of each claim has to comply with rules found in the Manual of Patent Examination Procedures. [commonly known as the MPEP]
Preamble (Oberbegriff)
All claims start with a preamble. The preamble recites the class of the invention, and sometimes its primary properties, purpose, or field. And includes everything up to the transitional phrase.
Common transitional phrases are "comprising“, comprising the steps of" , "consisting of the following elements," and "including..." One important aspect of the transitional phrase is whether the verb is limiting. More on that later.
The body lists the elements of the claim and explains how the different elements exist in relationship to one another. These elements might be parts of the invention or steps for using the invention.
Claims must be written as a single sentence ending with a period., which can make for a very long sentence.
I am a curious person so I googled longest claim and found out that the longest claim is claim 17 of WO 2008/ spans 12 pages and consists of over 4700 words. It reads like the encyclopedia of chemicals.
A vehicle comprising a deck; a first pair of wheels coupled to the front of the deck; and a second pair of wheels coupled to the back of the deck.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

12. Language of Patents © 2018 Heike Holthaus Several, multiple
a plurality of
Can be fasten
fastenable
Can be moved
moveable
So what is so special about patent language.
Patent language is a highly descriptive mix of legal and technical language that clearly defines what the invention is or does and at the same is deliberately broad as to its elements. Patent language is not about comfortable reading and elegant prose. Rather, it often sounds unnatural, stilted and verbose and redundant.
Instead of saying the widget can be fasten, the door can be opened or the components can be coupled, the patent attorney will say the widget is fastenable, the door is openable and the components are coupleable.
Why?
can be opened
openable
Can be coupled
coupleable
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

13. carries multiple meanings in the English language
The Claim:
“whereby roadway conditions from multiple roadways can be obtained and processed at the remote facility via multiple vehicles travelling on different roadways or different portions of the same roadway and can be directed from the remote facility to other vehicles on the roadway or roadways from which the information is obtained.”
The PTAB found that:
"Can be"
carries multiple meanings in the English language
can be used to indicate a physical ability or some other specified capability
can also be used to indicate a possibility or probability
is susceptible to more than one plausible construction
The first person to read the patent application is the examiner. The examiner will allow or not allow a claim based, among other criteria, on whether the claim is definite or indefinite, meaning: does the claim teach the invention without ambiguity.
In the case of this claim, which use the verb phrases can be obtained and can be directed, the Examiner rejected claim 1 as indefinite during examination.
The Patent Trial and Appeal Board agreed with the examiner and found that The verb form of the word "can" carries multiple meanings in the English language. It can be used to indicate a physical ability or some other specified capability.  It can also be used to indicate a possibility or probability
And concluded that "can be" is indefinite, because it is susceptible to more than one plausible construction.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

14. Language of Patents
screw, bolt
fastening means
When drafting a patent the author does not necessarily want to call things by their commonly used term. Instead of saying screws and bolts he calls them fastening means, members or elements. Why?
Because he wants to be deliberately broad . While in the invention screw or bolt may be used, saying so would exclude nails and rivets or some other fastening means, narrowing its scope and leaving the door open for circumventing the patent if granted. Instead, the patent attorney may choose to include a lists naming what kind of things the fastening means may be selected from. For example: The widget comprising fastening means selected from the group consisting of screws, nails, rivets and bolts and/or a combination thereof.
These are just snapshots of how Patent language differs from everyday English. Many other terms and phrase have over the years been clearly defined as to their legal definition such as comprising vs. consisting of and connected vs. coupled. And I would love to dig deeper but then I couldn't tell you about:
ball bearing
plurality of balls
The widget comprising fastening means selected from the group consisting of screws, nails, rivets and bolts and/or a combination thereof.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

15. Literal Translation The New Shorter Oxford: literal
2 (Of a translation, version, transcript, etc.)
Representing the very words of the original, verbally exact…
3 …without metaphor, exaggeration, or inaccuracy…
4 Free from figures of speech, inaccuracy, distortion, or allusion
Literal translation. The definition of Literal translation may well be one of the most contested once among translators.
It is considered an ugly word. It is not to be done. It is the thing a beginner does.
When speaking of literal translation we usually define it as the rendering of text from one language to another one word at a time with or without conveying the sense of the original whole. The result sounds unnatural, is usually hard to read and may or may not convey the meaning of the original text.
And yet, a patent translator is asked to hand in a literal translation of the patent.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term "literal" means: read slide
The question is: how can it be done and at the same time produce a text that does not sound translated?
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

16. Literal Translation of Patents
1. Reproduce the meaning 2. Reproduce the register 3. Respect sentence breaks and carriage returns 4. Be consistent in the use of vocabulary and phrasing 5. Maintain one-to-one correspondence between source and target 6. Provide appropriate annotations
Martin Cross wrote an excellent article on the literal translation of patents in The Patent Translator’s Handbook.
Which, by the way, I highly recommend reading.
In his article, Cross establishes basic rules for literal translation of patents:
1. Reproduce the meaning
sounds like a no-brainer. Of course we need to reproduce the meaning. In patent translation, however, we are faced with three main challenges:
First, very long sentences. It is not uncommon to face sentence of 150 or more words in a sublanguage that not always follows regular grammatical rules and it is not always clear whether a string of nouns is a compound noun or an adjective + 2 nouns, for example, or which noun the verb refers to. Such as in this one: [Next slide]
Then there is legal language, where the ordinary meaning may differ from the established legal definition of a term. Speaking of ordinary and alternate meaning of words, the Washington Post
And we all know of the highly technical nature of patent texts. We must first understand the invention, what it does and the technology behind it to be able to reproduce the right meaning.
2. Reproduce the register
Reproducing the register does not mean that, if you are faced with a source text that is obviously a machine translation that reads the ramblings of a drunken Norwegian seal, that the target text should read like it was translated by a drunken German sailor.
Since the author of a patent is usually a patent attorney and the audience of the patent are mainly persons that will read the patent during prosecution and possibly litigation: such as patent attorneys, examiners and judges, you will need to reproduce the legalistic, formal and somewhat archaic language this readership uses.
3. Respect sentence breaks and carriage returns
When faced with a very long sentence cluttered with repetitions, suppress the urge to make it pretty. Reproduce the run-on sentence the way it is, even if it hurts.
4. Be consistent in the use of vocabulary and phrasing
This is particularly important for terminology between the description and the claims. The patent is granted or denied on basis of the claims. If you call a component a shaft in the description and the same component an axle in claim 2, the examiner or opposing counsel could argue that the claim is not supported by the description of the embodiments.
And as Alicja Yarborough wrote in her review of Martin Crosses Webinar Translating Patents for Evidence and PCT Filing , this hold also true for phrasing: If you have a phrase in one place that is translated as “a shaft for driving a flywheel”, do not translate it in another place as “a shaft by which the flywheel is driven.”
5. Maintain one-to-one correspondence between source and target
This is the core of literal translation. Making sure that everything from the source is in the target. On a practical level it means that if you print out source and target text and underline a word or phrase in the source, you should be able to underline a corresponding word or phrase in the target.
Printing out long claims or paragraphs and underlining sections as you translate works well to ensure one-to-one correspondence.
What this method does not ensure, is that the target text will read well.
To achieve one-to-one correspondence and a text that reads well, we have two techniques at our disposal:
Martin Cross in The Patent Translator’s Handbook
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

17. Meaning 2 a widget element, whose first end is disposed in the hollow
a third widget element having a first end disposed in the hollow and moveably disposed at the one side wall,
Meaning 1 a widget element with a first end and the widget element is disposed in the hollow
Meaning 2 a widget element, whose first end is disposed in the hollow
This is not from an actual patent, by the way:
a third widget element having a first end disposed in the hollow and moveably disposed at the one side wall
Now, which words go together? Is it a widget element with a first end and the widget element is disposed in the hollow Or
Is it a widget element, whose first end is disposed in the hollow?
[Go back one slide]
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

18. Negligent
Negligent (Adj.), describes a condition in which you absentmindedly answer the door in your negligée (nightgown).
The Washington Post Annual Neologism Contest

19. Conservation of Lexemes
main parts of speech
have independent meaning
express concept
must be faithfully reproduced
do not add new lexemes
Function words:
glue holding the lexemes together
grammatical function
no inherent meaning
free to change words and phonemes
"In literal translation, we should be satisfied with conserving the core lexeme that carries the meaning. The form (tense, number, and part of speech) can be changed as necessary to produce a target sentence that flows better and is easy to understand."
Martin Cross
Conservation of Lexemes and Equivalent phrasing. I won't have time to go into detail, so I refer you back to the Translator's Handbook and just touch on the main points.
When looking at the conservation of lexemes, we need to differentiate between lexemes and function words.
Lexemes are the main parts of speech with independent meaning - they express concept. For our purposes they include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. Lexemes must be faithfully reproduced and none can be added.
Function words are the glue holding the lexemes together to form a unit. Function words define grammatical functions such as: number and plurality, past, present, future, tense, etc. They are without inherent meaning and include pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions etc.
For the literal translation of patents we need to identify and conserve the core lexeme, and are free to change, for example, the tense.
Conservation of Lexemes is used 95% of the time, the go-to method, so to speak. If it doesn't work, you go to plan B: Equivalent Phrasing
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

20. Equivalent Phrasing Person skilled in the art Fachmann
What is claimed is Patentansprüche
Object of the invention Aufgabe der Erfindung
Entry in the national phase Nationalisierung
Equivalent phrasing is the use of a phrase or a term that contains lexemes different from the source text but is functionally equivalent. This approach is useful, when the equivalent is very well established, for example, when it is listed in a dictionary or when it is clearly established by convention and when using Plan A would produce an unnecessarily confusing or highly unnatural text.
Examples of established equivalents:
Person skilled in the art = Fachmann
What is claimed is = Patentansprüche
Object of the invention = Aufgabe der Erfindung
Entry in the national phase = Nationalisierung
In patent translation, equivalent phrasing should be the exception and the equivalence should be such that no one can disagree with it.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

21. Recap: History of the patent system What is a patent
Overview of filing options
Six rules of patent translation
Conservation of lexemes and equivalent phrasing
Phew. Okay. We covered a little bit of the history of the patent system, looked at what a patent is and isn't, went through an overview of the different filling options, worked through the six rules of patent translation and introduced conservation of lexemes and equivalent phrasing.
But what does this look like in practice? What about sorting out a terminological nightmare?
Let's ask our panel.
© 2018 Heike Holthaus

22. Dealing with Some D > E Terminological Nightmares
PANEL DISCUSSION
Dealing with Some D > E Terminological Nightmares
Nicholas Hartmann
ATA59 New Orleans

23. Im Rahmen einer weiteren, alternativen oder zusätzlichen Ausführungsform werden die Batteriezellen, insbesondere vor dem Vergießen mit Vergussmasse, beispielsweise vor, während oder nach dem Einbringen in den Innenraum, durch das mindestens eine Montagegitter und/oder durch die Positionsrippen und/oder Positionsvorsprünge und/oder durch den Montagegreifer unter Ausbildung mindestens eines batteriezellenbeabstandenden Zwischenraums beabstandet zueinander und/oder unter Ausbildung mindestens eines gehäuse- oder vergussformbeabstandenden Zwischenraums beabstandet zu einem beziehungsweise dem Batteriesystemgehäuse beziehungsweise zu einer beziehungsweise der Vergussform und/oder unter Ausbildung mindestens eines temperiermittelbeabstandenden Zwischenraums beabstandet zu einem beziehungsweise dem Temperiermittel, beispielsweise einer beziehungsweise der Temperierplatte und/oder Temperiermittelleitung, positioniert, wobei der mindestens eine batteriezellenbeabstandende Zwischenraum und/oder der mindestens eines gehäuse- oder vergussformbeabstandende Zwischenraum und/oder der mindestens eine temperiermittel-beabstandende Zwischenraum, insbesondere nach dem Einbringen und Positionieren der Batteriezellen sowie gegebenenfalls einer später erläuterten Temperiermittelleitung, mit mindestens einer Vergussmasse gefüllt wird.
In the context of a further, alternative or additional embodiment the battery cells are positioned, in particular prior to potting with potting compound, for example before, during, or after introduction into the interior space, by way of the at least one mounting grid and/or by way of the positioning ribs and/or positioning projections and/or by way of the mounting gripper with a spacing from one another with formation of at least one battery-cell-spacing interstice, or with a spacing from a or the battery system housing or from a or the potting mold with formation of at least one housing-spacing or potting-mold-spacing interstice, or with a spacing from a or the temperature control means, for example a or the temperature control plate and/or temperature control agent conduit with formation of at least one temperature control-agent-spacing interstice, the at least one battery-cell-spacing interstice and/or the at least one housing-spacing or potting-mold-spacing interstice and/or the at least one temperature control-agent-spacing interstice being filled, in particular after introduction and positioning of the battery cells and optionally of a temperature control agent conduit explained later, with at least one potting compound.
Hartmann – ATA 2018 Patents

24. Zum Beispiel können die, insbesondere vertikalen und/oder lateralen, Anschlagabschnitte des oberen und/oder unteren Montagegitters in Form von Laschen, beispielsweise welche sich ausgehend von einem gitteröffnungsbildenden Gittersteg lateral, zum Beispiel über eine Gitteröffnung, beziehungsweise vertikal erstrecken, und/oder in Form von Eckplateaus, beispielsweise welche sich über einen Eckabschnitt zwischen einer, von zwei gitteröffnungsbildenden Gitterstegen ausgebildeten Ecke erstrecken und/oder in Form von Rahmen, insbesondere welche sich ausgehend von gitteröffnungsbildenden Gitterstegen, insbesondere umlaufend, lateral, beispielsweise über die Gitteröffnung, und/oder vertikal, insbesondere umlaufend um die Batteriezellen, erstrecken und/oder in Form von Querstreben, beispielsweise welche sich zwischen zwei gitteröffnungsbildenden Gitterstegen erstrecken und/oder Gitteröffnungen, beispielsweise des unteren Montagegitters unten, begrenzen, ausgebildet sein.
For instance, the, in particular vertical and/or lateral, stop portions of the upper and/or lower mounting grid can be embodied in the form of tabs, which for example extend, proceeding from a grid-opening-forming grid strut, laterally, for instance over a grid opening, or vertically, and/or in the form of corner plates, which for example extend over a corner portion between a corner constituted by two grid-opening-forming grid struts, and/or in the form of frames, which in particular extend, proceeding from grid-opening-forming grid bars, in particular peripherally, laterally, for example over the grid opening, and/or vertically, in particular peripherally around the battery cells, and/or in the form of transverse bars, which for example extend between two grid-opening-forming grid struts and/or delimit grid openings, for example of the lower mounting grid, at the bottom.
Hartmann – ATA 2018 Patents

25. • in particular • for example • for instance • at least • substantially • and/or
Hartmann – ATA 2018 Patents

26. Hartmann – ATA 2018 Patents

27. Abtragfläche
Hartmann – ATA 2018 Patents

28. Dealing with Some F > E Terminological Nightmares
PANEL DISCUSSION
Dealing with Some F > E Terminological Nightmares
Karen Tkaczyk
ATA59 New Orleans

29. permettre apte à introduire

30. Sans sortir du cadre de la présente invention, on peut également prévoir une étape préliminaire au cours de laquelle on ménage un orifice dans la paroi du pot pour permettre l'introduction de la préforme, cet orifice pouvant être bouché après l'étape de soufflage.
Starting point:
Without departing from the scope of the present invention, a preliminary step can also be provided, during which an orifice is arranged in the wall of the jar to allow the introduction of the preform, where this orifice can be plugged after the blowing step.

31. - un échangeur de chaleur apte à refroidir le flux gazeux appauvri en CO2,
- a heat exchanger capable of cooling the CO2-depleted gas flow,
… est apte à passer d’une position
... is movable from a position… [to a position]
… est apte à séparer plus de 90%
… can separate more than 90%

32. Dealing with Some J > E Terminological Nightmares
PANEL DISCUSSION
Dealing with Some J > E Terminological Nightmares
Nadine A. Edwards
ATA59 New Orleans

33. What causes problems? New words Compound nouns of many forms
特許検索、特殊文字、読み書き装置
Field-specific compound verbs
嵌合、回動、摺動、滑動*
New words
Markers
部、部材、方向、状態・状況
overused constructions
着脱自在に、形成する、 [V]可能にする、)
Nadine A. Edwards, ATA59 – New Orleans

34. Possible solutions…?
Check reliable compound word glossaries or references
Check what the drafter says: constructions that signal a definition: ○○は、○○が、という、etc.
Divide and conquer…
Check what your colleagues have done
Nadine A. Edwards, ATA59 – New Orleans

35. Compound nouns of many forms
モード合分波器 (optics）
See what the drafter says…
search for 「モード合分波器は」
Nadine A. Edwards, ATA59 – New Orleans

36. モード合分波器は、異なる複数の光路長を有するアレイ導波路と、アレイ導波路格子の一端に設けたスラブ導波路と、アレイ導波路格子の他端に設けた結合導波路とを備える。スラブ導波路は、結合系マルチコアファイバの結合モードの数に対応した複数のポートを有し、スラブ導波路側から入力した光信号を、入力したポートの位置に対応した次数の結合モードに変換し、結合導波路から結合モードを合波させて出力し、逆に、結合導波路から入力した結合モード信号を、結合モード次数に対応したスラブ導波路側のポートから分波させて出力する。
Nadine A. Edwards, ATA59 – New Orleans

37. Compound nouns of many forms
モード合分波器 (optics）
Divide and conquer
Nadine A. Edwards, ATA59 – New Orleans

38. Compound nouns of many forms
モード合分波器 (optics）
合波器
分波器
Nadine A. Edwards, ATA59 – New Orleans

39. Thank you! © 2018 Heike Holthaus translator.heike@gmail.com
/in/heike-holthaus /
Nicholas Hartmann
Thank you!
Karen McMillan Tkaczyk
Leave your business card or address with me if you would like to receive the slides!
Nadine A. Edwards
@jpatspecialist
Karen, Nadine and Nick: Please add contact info, if desired
© 2018 Heike Holthaus