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Chapter 8
ADOLESCENCE

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Physical Development 2

3. Biological Changes of Puberty The Physical Changes of Puberty
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Puberty is a time period of rapid biological growth
Once you reach your threshold level of body fat, it causes…
Hormonal changes triggered by hypothalamus
Ovaries & testes to increase production of sex hormones.
Two classes of sex hormones:
Estrogen—estradiol production 8 times higher in females
Androgens—testosterone is 20 times higher in males 3

4. Biological Changes of Puberty The Physical Changes of Puberty
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2 kinds of changes that take place in the body b/c of increased sex hormones.
Two types of sex characteristics:
Primary sex characteristics—directly related to reproduction. What are they?
Ova mature & sperm are produced
Secondary sex characteristics—bodily changes due to rise in sex hormones, NOT directly related to reproduction. 4

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L.O. 8.1 5

6. Biological Changes of Puberty The Physical Changes of Puberty
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Brain development continues throughout adolescence and beyond.
Myelination encourages efficiency in thought
Cerebellum continues to grow
math, music, decision making, social skills, understanding humor
3. Exuberance/over production and synaptic pruning
Especially concentrated in the frontal lobes
Responsible for planning ahead, solving problems, making moral judgements
L.O. 8.1 6

7. Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty
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Sex differences in timing of puberty
Girls begin puberty about two years earlier than boys
Note: exception of Kikuyu of Kenya: boys show signs of puberty before girls
Chinese—girls develop pubic hair before breast buds (counter to Western pattern)
African American—girls develop breast buds and pubic hair earlier than white girls 7

8. Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty
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Were you an early, on-time or late developer?
How did this affect you?
If you could go through adolescence again, would you change the timing of your development? Explain.
Chinese—girls develop pubic hair before breast buds (counter to Western pattern)
African American—girls develop breast buds and pubic hair earlier than white girls 8

9. Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty
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Secular trend- decrease in the age of menarche
The average= 12.5 yrs. in developed countries; as high as 15 yrs. in developing countries
Nutrition
Access to health care 9

10. Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty
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Early maturation
Girls—depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, school problems, conflict w/parents.
Boys—favorable body image, higher popularity, earlier delinquency, sex and substance use.
Later maturation may be more negative for boys with fewer problems for girls
L.O. 8.2 10

11. Physical Development Puberty Rituals
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Does your culture have a way of marking/celebrating the entrance from childhood to adolescence?
Puberty rituals mark a transition
Girls
Menstrual blood may be considered dangerous to crops, livestock, and people, exclusion from school, social activities, bathing…
Boys
May be required to show feats of courage, strength, or pain endurance (Samoan boys get tattooed).
Circumcision
L.O. 8.3
Discuss the view of male and female circumcision worldwide 11

12. Health Issues in Adolescence Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
Inability to maintain body weight
Fear of weight gain
Lack of menstruation
Distorted body image 12

13. Health Issues in Adolescence Eating Disorders
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Bulimia
Fear of weight gain
Engage in binge eating then purge
Can damage teeth from repeated vomiting
Tend to maintain normal weight and recognize abnormal eating patterns
Eating disorders are more common in cultures that emphasize slimness 13

14. Health Issues in Adolescence Eating Disorders
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Treatment options: hospitalization, medication, or psychotherapy
Effectiveness:
1/3 of individuals treated for anorexia remain ill
1/2 of individuals treated for bulimia relapse
Continuing problems as individuals dealing with these disorders age
Impairments in mental/physical health, self- image, social functioning
L.O. 8.4 14

15. Health Issues in Adolescence Substance Use
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Reasons for substance use among adolescents are varied
Experimental- try it a few times then stop
Social- try it with a few friends/at at party or dance
Medicinal- try it b/c of sadness, anxiety, stress, loneliness
Addictive –dependent on substance to feel good physically or psychologically.
L.O. 8.5 15