1. Thermal Energy

2. What is thermal energy?
The atoms that make up an object are always in motion (kinetic energy).
They also have energy stored in the chemical bonds (potential energy).
The total of all the kinetic and potential energy of the atoms in an object is called thermal energy.

3. Temperature
Temperature is a measure of thermal energy. It measure the average kinetic energy of all an object’s molecules.
Thermometers contain a liquid inside a closed tube. When temperature increases, the liquid expands, and the height of the liquid in the tube rises.

4. When something increases its temperature, its particles increase their kinetic energy. Some of this kinetic energy can be passed on to other particles.
In other words, heat can flow from warmer objects to cooler ones.

5. Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat between two objects that are in contact.
Molecules pass heat on to neighboring molecules.

6. Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat by a moving liquid or gas.
The cool fluid sinks, and the warm fluid rises, creating a circular current.

7. Radiation Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
The heat passes through space to reach the cooler object.