1. Bell Work 11/13/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen
What letter grade do you think you received on the Plate Tectonics Exam?
How much time did you spend preparing for the Exam?
How did you prepare for the Exam? (be specific: study guide, flashcards, had someone quiz you, took an online practice quiz, ect)

2. Earthquakes

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS Interactive Notebook Introduction 7 Chemistry 9
DATE
DESCRIPTION
PAGE #
Interactive Notebook Introduction 7
Chemistry
…………………..
…………………..
Plate Tectonics
11/13/13
Earthquakes ??

4. What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common??
A Riddle:
What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common??

5. What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common??
In your interactive notebook (output) write down the riddle above.
Answer the following questions:
1. Can a single object both BEND and BREAK? Explain your answer. Use an example as support!!
2. Demo 1:
a. What happened to the spaghetti?
b. Describe WHY that happened.
3. Demo 2:

6. Too much STRESS and you break!!!!!
What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common??
Too much STRESS and you break!!!!!

7. What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common??
In your interactive notebook (output) write down the riddle above.
Answer the following questions:
1. Can a single object both BEND and BREAK? Explain your answer. Use an example as support!!
2. Demo 1:
a. What happened to the spaghetti?
b. Describe WHY that happened.
3. Demo 2:
Write a one paragraph summary (6-8 sentences) about how the application of stress can deform the lithosphere.
Deformation- the process by which the shape of a rock changes.

8. Bell Work 11/14/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen
Summary 
1. How do you get a spaghetti noodle to bend and not break?
The spaghetti BENDS when you apply stress slowly and gently.
2. How do you break a spaghetti noodle?
The spaghetti BREAKS if you apply stress quickly and with a lot of force.
3. How can you apply this concept to the lithosphere?
The Earth’s lithosphere also bends and breaks depending on the amount of stress applied.

9. Earthquakes

10. Earthquakes
Earthquake- a movement of Earth’s lithosphere (rigid solid) that occurs when rocks in the lithosphere suddenly shift, releasing stored energy!

11. They’re Caused by a Build-up of STRESS in Earth’s Crust
As tectonic plates move, they cause stress in the crust, which in turn produces folds and faults.

12. Stress in Earth’s Crust
Stress (in earthquake terms)-
a force that squeezes rocks together, stretches or pulls them apart, or pushes them in different directions.
Does stress occur at…
Convergent plate boundaries?
Divergent plate boundaries?
Transform boundaries?
Stress = Folds and Faults!

13. Folds=Plastic Deformation
A bend in layers of rock in response to stress
Form where rocks are squeezed together, but do not break
This doesn’t lead to earthquakes

14. Faults Faults- San Andreas Fault
A fracture, or break, in Earth’s lithosphere
Blocks of rocks move (scrape) past each other
San Andreas Fault

15. Where do earthquakes occur??
Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries
Ring of Fire- belt around the Pacific plate
80% of all earthquakes occur here

16. Why Exactly do Earthquakes Happen?
Elastic Rebound-The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape
Elastic rebound occurs when more stress is applied to rock than the rock can withstand.
During elastic rebound, energy is released as an earthquake

18. Let’s clarify some definitions!!!
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Picture (to help you remember)
Stress
Folds
Faults
Ring of Fire
Elastic Rebound
Text Book: Pages

19. Bell Work 11/15/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen
Where do the majority of Earthquakes occur?
The majority of earthquakes occur along plate boundaries.
2. What is the ring of fire?
The belt around the pacific plate where 80% of earthquakes occur.
3. Why exactly do earthquakes happen?
Elastic Rebound- The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape.

20. Bill Nye – Earthquakes!!

21. Bell Work 11/18/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen
What is stress?
A force that squeezes rocks together, stretches or pulls them apart, or pushes them in different directions.
2. What does stress cause in the lithosphere?
Folds and faults
3. What is a fault?
A fracture or break in the Earth’s lithosphere.

22. It’s an Earthquake! Earthquakes song
yt/watch?v=sA6oZ4YgKCA

23. A little more on faults!!!

24. Are there different types of faults?
Yes!
Faults are classified by how rocks move
Three types:
Normal faults
Reverse faults
Strike-slip faults

25. Normal Fault Occur at divergent boundaries Divergent boundary-
Plates drifting apart
Normal fault-
Block slides down relative to the surface
Move vertically

26. Reverse Fault Occur at convergent boundaries Convergent boundary-
Plates coming together
Reverse fault-
Block slides up relative to the surface
Move vertically

27. Strike-Slip Fault Occur at transform boundaries Transform boundary-
Plates slide past one another in different directions
Strike-slip fault-
Blocks slide in opposite directions
Move horizontally

29. Faults Foldable - Color the strata!!
Text Book : Page

30. Bell Work 11/19/13 How many types of faults are there? 3
On your desk:
P.R.I.D.E card
I.N.
Pencil/Pen
How many types of faults are there? 3
2. What type of fault occurs at a convergent boundary?
Reverse fault
3. What type of boundary occurs at a strike-slip fault?
Transform boundary

31. How do we measure earthquakes?
2 different scales
Seismic waves vs destruction!

32. Measuring Earthquakes
Modified Mercalli scale- Rates earthquakes based on observations of the intensity of ground shaking and damage

33. Modified Mercalli Scale
San Francisco earthquake of was an 11

34. Measuring Earthquakes
Richter scale- Rates earthquakes based on measurements of the times and amplitudes of the seismic waves
Created by Charles Richter in the 1930’s

35. How exactly do we Measure earthquakes?
To measure earthquakes and pinpoint their epicenters, geologists record seismic waves using seismographs
Seismograph-
a device that can detect and record seismic waves
Creates a seismogram

36. What is a Seismogram? Seismogram-
A tracing of earthquake motion created by a seismograph

37. Seismic Waves – the reason earthquakes are Dangerous!
the energy released during an earthquake carried by vibrations
3 main types:
P waves
S waves
Surface waves

38. Seismic Waves
P waves (primary waves)- longitudinal waves similar to sound waves
Move through solid and liquid material
Compress and expand the ground
Similar to an accordion or a slinky

39. Seismic Waves S waves (secondary waves)- Transverse waves, like light.
They cannot travel through liquids

40. S waves can’t pass through liquid…this is why we know the outer core is a liquid!

41. Seismic Waves
Surface Waves- develop when seismic waves reach Earth’s surface
Move more slowly than P and S waves
Produce larger movements
Create greater damage

42. Slinky Demonstration

43. Rocks move Aside! Seismic waves song
yt/watch?v=lcVwAn8W-jo

44. Bell Work 11/20/13 What are seismic waves?
On your desk:
P.R.I.D.E card
I.N.
Pencil/Pen
What are seismic waves?
The energy released during an earthquake carried by vibrations.
2. What are the three types of waves?
P-waves, S-waves, and Surface waves.
3. How does a P-wave move?
Compression and expansion

45. Where do Earthquakes Happen?
Earthquakes- occur because stress forces have exceeded the strength of rock.
Focus- the location beneath Earth’s surface where an earthquake begins.
Epicenter- the location on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

46. The S-P time method… How it’s used:
Collect several seismograms from different seismographs (at different locations)
Plot seismographs on a distance-time graph
Draw circles around the locations based on the distance-time graph
At the point where 3 lines intersect is the earthquake epicenter

47. Locating Earthquakes

48. Locating Earthquakes

49. Locating Earthquakes

52. How do we protect ourselves from earthquakes??
This is what happens during an earthquake : Japan magnitude
THINK…. 1. How can we protect ourselves against earthquakes in the future?? 2. What should we consider when building on the Earth?

53. Earthquake proof structures

54. Let’s Design!!