1. Congress & Powers of Congress
Chapter 10 & 11
Congress & Powers of Congress

2. Congress is Bicameral (Two Houses)
House of Representatives
Senate

3. Terms
A term is the length of time that officials serve after an election, as in a two- or six-year term.
Twentieth Amendment (1933) set the beginning of a new term as “noon of the 3rd day of January” of every odd-numbered year.

4. Sessions of Congress
A session is the regular period of time during which Congress conducts business.
Congress adjourns, or suspends until the next session, each regular session as it sees fit.
If necessary, the President has the power to prorogue, or adjourn, a session, but only when the two houses cannot agree on a date for adjournment.
Only the President may call Congress into a special session—a meeting to deal with some emergency situation.

5. House of Representatives
The House is made up of 435 members, apportioned by population of each state.
Each state is guaranteed at least one seat in the House.
House members serve 2 year terms, and terms are unlimited.

6. Qualifications of House Members
Must be at least 25 years old.
Must be a citizen of the U.S. for at least 7 years.
Must be an inhabitant of the State from which elected.

7. House Leadership
Speaker of the House – Nancy Pelosi, D.
Majority Leader – Steny Hoyer, D.
Minority Leader – John Boehner, R.

8. The Senate The Senate is made up of 100 members (2 from each state).
Senate members serve 6 year terms, and terms are unlimited.
Terms are staggered (only 1/3 of the seats are up for election every 2 years).

9. Senate Cont.
The Senate is led by Vice President, his only job is to break tied votes. The actual leader of the Senate is the President Pro-Tempore.

10. Qualifications of the Senate
Must be at least 30 years old.
Must be a citizen of the U.S. for at least 9 years.
Must be an inhabitant of the State from which elected.

11. Senate Leadership
President Pro-Tempore – Robert Byrd, D.
Senate Majority Leader – Harry Reid, D.
Senate Minority Leader – Mitch McConnell, R.

12. Profile of the 107th Congress2 3
Chapter 10, Section 4

13. Representatives of the People
Senators and representatives are elected to represent people. As legislators, they have four voting options: 1 2 3
Chapter 10, Section 4

14. Congressional Pay Congress set its own pay (27th Amendment)
Currently, Congress makes $168,500 per year.
Majority and Minority leaders are paid $183,500.
Speaker of the House is paid $212,100.

15. Membership Privileges
Members of Congress are immune from arrest for noncriminal offenses while engaged in congressional business.
More importantly, the Speech and Debate Clause (Article I, Section 6, Clause 1) protects representatives and senators from suits for libel or slander arising from their official conduct.

16. Powers of Congress
Congress has many powers, and is sometimes believed to be the most powerful of the three branches.

17. Congressional Power
The Constitution grants Congress a number of specific powers in three different ways.
(1) The expressed powers are granted to Congress explicitly in the Constitution.
(2) The implied powers are granted by reasonable deduction from the expressed powers.
(3) The inherent powers are granted through the Constitution’s creation of a National Government for the United States.

18. Expressed Powers
Coin money, declare war, Collect taxes, Borrow money, Regulate commerce, etc.

19. The Implied Powers of Congress1 2 3 5
Chapter 11, Section 4

20. Inherent Powers
Congress checks and balances the other two branches.

21. Impeachment Power
The Constitution grants Congress the power of removing the President, Vice President, or other civil officers from their office through impeachment.
The House has the sole power to impeach.
Senate tries all impeachments. A two-thirds vote of the senators present is needed for conviction.
The penalty for conviction is removal from office.

22. Executive Powers Treaties Appointments
All major appointments made by the President must be confirmed by the Senate by majority vote. (Only 12 of 600 Cabinet appointments to date have been declined.)
“Senatorial courtesy” is the practice in which the Senate will turn down an appointment if it is opposed by a senator of the President’s party from the State involved.
Treaties
The President makes treaties “by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate,... provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.”
Presently, the President often consults members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.