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The cognitive approach
Paper 1
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Guaranteed questions Paper 1 has guaranteed questions on all three approaches in both section A (where questions are compulsory) and section B where you choose one essay from a choice of three it is therefore possible to cut down on the number of studies you need to revise. Some pupils take what has been called the ‘123’ approach to revision, meaning they rank the approaches in order of which approach they would most like to answer a question in the exam This means you could choose the approach which you find easiest, most interesting, or had the fewest number of possible essays ;) and revise this most thoroughly If you revise a second approach as well you will have a choice of which question you answer on the day If you only revise one approach in depth you need to remember to include ALL higher level extension possibilities (HLs) and recognise that this is a very RISKY strategy! Many people online are talking about doing cognitive as their top choice for an ERQ approach as it has the fewest possible essay as there is only one content point in topic 3 and only two as opposed to three in topic 2. This choice is up to you!
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Cognitive approach Three Topics Cognitive Processing
Reliability of Cognitive Processes Emotion and Cognition
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Cognitive Processing Models of Memory Schema Theory
Thinking and Decision-Making
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Models of memory Clarification document says you could be asked about MSM or WMM as an SAQ from 2020 so for 9 AO1. This is unlikely in practice. As an ERQ they should not ask about MSM or WMM separately so legitimate question might be… SAQ: Describe the multistore model of memory with reference to one research study. (9) SAQ: Explain the working memory model with reference to one research study. (9) SAQ: Outline one model of memory with reference to one research study. (9) ERQ: Contrast two models of memory. (22) ERQ: Evaluate/Discuss one or more models of memory. (22)
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Multistore model – 5 minutes!
Essay planner sheet Give out the how to write a killer introduction (can you cut this down from 335 to 125?) 375 words of description – 11 sentences? Three stores each with three things to say about them (coding, capacity and duration) Two control processes: attention and rehearsal Over to you, make the model from mini whiteboards and coloured paper arrows, write as much as you can on your ‘store’ about: coding, capacity and duration Which research study to use in an SAQ Glanzer and Cunitz - Serial Position Curve. Original paper on my website for more APFC detail. Let’s look at the writing sample from John’s website: how could it be improved at all?? How much extra information would you need to know about the study in order to use this for an ERQ? Think what would your chains be about? What would your second study be?
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WORKING MEMORY MODEL (5 mins)
They can name the models in SAQs only (so need enough description plus one study) In an essay you could be asked to evaluate/discuss two models meaning you would need half the usual amount of AO3 ( so one study and accompanying evaluation) If asked about one model of memory in an ERQ, choose MSM ( you can bring WMM as evaluation but would not need much on it) The toughest option would be contrast two models of memory: consistently discuss differences between two models throughout the essay. This requires careful consideration of the two studies used as evidence; personally I would choose… KF: which shows that STM is not one unitary store (e.g. difference between MSM and WMM) Robbins et al (1996) WM in chess (p. 118 psychology sorted.) STM is an active processor capable of multi-tasking so long as the tasks require different parts of the system and not the same part;
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HoW to learn a study: Robbins et al (1996)
Make an APFC poster (see my example) using textbook; if not enough information you may need the original paper – see sci hub (also on my website) Create a set of revision question cards to practice (3 envelopes technique) Practice chains of reasoning on strips of paper; sequence the strips, write your own etc. Robbins could be perfect for an IA!
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Schema Theory (10 mins) Questions can use the phrase ‘cognitive schema’ when formulating questions from 2020 Can you define schema? What is schema theory? Do you know what is meant be assimilation and accommodation? Paper cut activity Helps to give context to confirmation bias for later. Looking out at the world through our socio- cultural lens (schema glasses) Re studies: don’t do Bartlett for an SAQ (too old and details unclear) SAQ: Bransford and Johnson, Andersen and Pichert Improving your writing: editing cognitive paragraph’s exercise on JC’s website (one on Bartlett and schema theory).
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Thinking and decision making
Let’s talk about AND in the guide and in the exams. ‘and’ as part of a content point such as this one; here “thinking and decision-making” are taken to be part of the same thing, therefore you can answer on thinking or on decision-making and both would be fine. The IB will NEVER separate these two terms in the exam, e.g. you will never see a question that asks “Describe one study of decision-making. “ (9) or “Discuss one theory of thinking.” (22) This is true throughout the guide except in a few key places relating to paper 2, to be discussed on Day 3.
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Thinking fast and slow Reading this book will help you understand this section and the research included. Well worth it and its also available as kindly talking book too so listen to on the go! The book is all about system 1 and 2 thinking: Complete this basic mix and match to show me what you understand so far!
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Possible SAQs Intuitive thinking (aka System I thinking)
The IB released specialist terms for 2020 and beyond also include: Intuitive thinking (aka System I thinking) Rational thinking (aka System II thinking) Again it is hard to see how these could be incorporated into legitimate questions however it does point us toward recognising that System 1 and 2 thinking is probably the best way forward for this content point. Ignore theories of reasoned behaviour, planned action etc and go for something simple! Possible SAQ is: Describe one theory of thinking and/or decision-making with reference to one research study. (9) John’s SAQ example used the strop effect as the example study:
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T and D Study: Dijksterhuis (2004)
System 1 seen as leading to problems/jumping to wrong conclusions We chose this study as it showed that intuitive non- conscious thinking is sometimes quite helpful My students read from the original study; created APFC study notes et and then completed the following quizizz. Lets look at what the study asked Pps to do (see sheet) Your teacher can set you quizzes or you can make them yourself; when you do this it then gives you the option to play the question as flashcards as a way of revising between tests Give out my SAQ on system 1 and 2 and Dijksterhuis
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T and D as an Essay We have used a study that supports the merits of system 1 so it would be good to have a partner study that shows the problems of system 1 and merits of system 2. In an essay I would show the problems with S1 first using Wason’s card sort, then go onto look at social version of the problem (drinking) and the tattoos and cassava root problem (see my T and D PowerPoint). John says many students got in a pickle with Wason in the exam not surprising as its quite tricky, therefore might be better to use one of your studies of thinking biases and show why such biases occur using dual processing model.
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Reliability of cognitive processes
Reconstructive memory (15 minutes) Biases in thinking and decision-making (15 minutes)
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Reconstructive memory (15 minutes)
This came up as an SAQ already so quite unlikely to come up again Describe one study investigating reconstructive memory. [9] Notice the focus of this SAQ is on the study, in the aim of the study you would talk briefly about reconstructive memory theory and then again at the end on the conclusion Read question carefully to get the measure of where the focus should be, i.e. theory or study. Reconstructive memory theory ties in a lot with schema theory which we have already covered; Bartlett’s War of the Ghosts is invariably vague in student answers, don’t fall into this trap; learn all terminology regarding the results with care.
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Possibilities & how to answer them
SAQ Describe reconstructive memory with reference to one research study. (9) e.g. Loftus and Palmer ERQ: Discuss reconstructive memory with reference to research evidence. (22) Evaluate research into reconstructive memory. (22) To what extent can one cognitive process be considered to be reliable. (22) Evidence that memory is unreliable : Loftus and Palmer, Evidence memory can be reliable: Yuille and Cutshall, blatantly incorrect info Loftus (1979), Christianson and Hubinette (1993)
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Biases in thinking and decision-making
Came up already in TZ2 HL as ERQ: Everyone got very cross! “Discuss two more biases in thinking and decision- making”. (22) 2019 HL TZ2 The guide states ONE or more of the following should be studied. Confirmation bias Cognitive dissonance Optimism bias Selective attention Illusory correlations Other biases are also accepted from column three or otherwise!
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Learn two! Confirmation Bias – as it helps with abnormal and its on the list! Look at this on Day 3 Peak End Rule – Kahneman et al. (1993) the freezing water study; handy for methods and ethics – Look at this on day 2:
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Emotion and Cognition The Influence of Emotion on Cognitive Processes (30 minutes!) Hooray! This topic area only has one content point This has come up once already in the HL and SL TZ 1 exam as ERQ: ‘Discuss the influence of emotion on one cognitive process.’ [22] We will focus on flashbulb memory – also interesting links back to the hormones and localisation topics from the Bio App
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Flashbulb memory: Brown & Kulik (1977)
strong emotional experiences lead to FBMs which are… detailed, vivid, durable and people feel very confident that they are accurate The theory is that there is a ‘special mechanism’ that is triggered when events are unexpected/surprising have personal meaning They believed this had survival value as it helped our ancestors to learn about experiences which could be a danger to them in the future; at the time the link between adrenaline and the amygdala was not understood
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SAQ: Research studY So many amazing studies to learn about but for SAQs I also like to stick to ones which have an obvious research methods, most often lab experiment! This gives them a dual purpose as they can be used as examples in methods questions too This dual processing (!!) means you are more likely to remember them and analysing them in terms of IV, DV and controls etc for the methods questions means you know the study inside and out and should be able to evaluate it effectively in ERQs too. So which one for this content point? I choose Cahill and McGaugh although I find Sharot and Phelps fascinating is hard to place as to which methods it is.
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Cahill & McGaugh See biological factors and memory ppt on my website plus handout.
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Cognitive Extension HL Only
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Cognitive Extension HL Only
In the HL paper it is likely that one question per year will relate to one of the extension topics. Last year was biological, so likely to be cog or soc But there is a November exam so worthwhile trying to find out what came up in November ;) Remember you have a choice of essays in Section B, so as long as you have studied at least of the options
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Cognitive processing in the digital world
For all three topics in the cognitive approach, and with reference to research studies, HL students should study the following. Discuss the influence of digital technology on cognitive processes. Evaluate research into positive and negative effects of modern technology on cognitive processes. Discuss the use of two research methods used to study the interaction between digital technology and cognitive processes. Cognitive processes - Discuss/Evaluate/TWE – Memory, Schema, T and D (system 1 and 2) Reliability of cognitive processes - Discuss/Evaluate/TWE – Reconstructive Memory and Cognitive Biases Emotion and Cognition - Discuss/Evaluate/TWE Influence of emotion on cognitive processes
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Possible Questions We have been told that they will not narrow cog extension questions down to the topic level (i.e. they will all just reference cognitive processes/cognitive approach) since all the three cognitive topics are interlinked. They also cannot separate positive and negative effects meaning you could not get a whole 22 marker on positive/negative; this is important in terms of how much you have to study. Questions could use ‘and/or’ or ‘and’; if it says and you are expected to cover both if it says and/or, you could just cover one (e.g. negative)
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The content Points To my mind content point 1 and 2 are the same thing
the influence of digital technology on cognitive processes. positive and negative effects of modern technology on cognitive processes. Modern technology includes digital technology The effect of one variable (technology) on another (cognitive processes) is the same as saying influence and influences can be positive or negative. What we seem to have here is one content point expressed in two different ways ;) The same materials could be used however the question is phrased!
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The content Points The third content point is: Methods used to study the interaction between digital technology and cognitive processes. Choosing research studies that use different methods to show positive and negative effects of digital technology we should be fine!
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Practical Time! Let’s watch a short clip (3 mins) about digital technology and memory: IV: Half of you will create notes using laptop/tablet/phone the other half will take pen and paper notes Let’s randomly assign you to the two groups! Why?! DV: An MCQ test on the content on the clip What do we need to control to ensure that only note-taking medium affects recall? What and method and design are we using ? What are the pros and cons of this? This was a small scale replication of the study conducted by Muller and Oppenheimer (2014) Count the number of words in your notes; what is the average for each group? What stats test would we do on this data?
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Quiz time Where was the plane flying from? New Jersey
Where was the plane flying to? Buffalo, New York What height was the plane cruising at when it hit the storm? ft What did the pilot do which caused the plane to stall? Pulled back on the controls What did the plane hit? A house When she was talking about declarative memory she talked about the capital of Australia, the largest animals and which significant life event? First kiss Which recording artist’s name was written on the CD? Celine Dion Which scientist claimed that he didn’t need to remember certain things as ling as he knew which books to find them in? Einstein Which brain scanning technique did she mention? fMRI What year was tumblr created according to her timeline? 2007
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Mueller and oppenheimer replication
What were the averages for the MCQ test for each group? Do the findings replicate Muller and Oppenheimer? What differences were there in the procedure of our study and their study?
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Practical 2: HENKEL (2014) Take a tour round my mini art gallery.
You will find 10 numbered ‘exhibits’. You will have 15 seconds to look at each exhibit. The screen will tell you whether you need to … observe (just look at) the item photograph the item
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Item 1 OBSERVE
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Item 2 OBSERVE
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Item 3 PHOTO
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Item 4 OBSERVE
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Item 5 PHOTO
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Item 6 PHOTO
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Item 7 OBSERVE
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Item 8 PHOTO
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Item 9 PHOTO
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Item 10 OBSERVE
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Now answer The questions about the objects you have just observed
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SAMPLE ESSAY: Discuss the positive and/or Negative effects of Modern technology on cognitive processes. (22) Sample answer for marking on John’s website: Use the mark bands, what mark do you think it should have got? Go through my essay and colour code the paragraphs to see how it meets the rubric and where it could be edited/improved. Command term: Discuss: considered, balanced review, range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions/conclusions clear and substantiated
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Weird Study Alert! Gomez et al (2019): Pokemon study BPS Research Digest: have-a-pokemon-sensitive-region-in-their-visual-cortex/
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