1. The Milgram Experiment
Obedience to Authority

2. Introduction Stanley Milgram – Yale University psychologist
Experiments began in July 1961 (Three months after the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem)
Milgram wanted to answer the question: “Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?”

3. Eichmann in Jerusalem court.
“The Architect of the Holocaust”
Transportation Administrator to the Final Solution
Managed all trains to transport Jews to ghettos and killing centers
1944 – Sent 430,000 Hungarians to gas chambers after the Final Solution was halted
Fled to Argentina
Captured in 1960
Hanged in 1962
Eichmann in Jerusalem court.

4. The Experiment Roles
Three people take part in the experiment: “experimenter”, “learner” (“victim”) and “teacher”
The “experimenter” – a stern biology teacher dressed in a grey technician’s coat
The “learner” – a 47 year old actor
The “teacher” – volunteer told he was participating in an experiment in the study of memory and learning in different situations

5. The Experiment Steps
1. The actor and volunteer choose a slip of paper.
2. Both slips say “teacher” ensuring the volunteer gets the right role
3. The actor claims to have the “learner” slip and they separate into two rooms
4. The “teacher” (volunteer) is given an electric shock as a sample of what the learner would receive
5. The “teacher” is given a list of word pairs to teach the learner

6. Public Announcement for Experiment

7. The Experiment Steps Cont.
6. The “teacher” read the word pairs to the “learner”
7. The “teacher” then read the first word of each pair and gave four possible answers (the “learner” indicated his answer by pressing a button)
8. If the answer was incorrect, the “teacher” was to administer an electric shock
The voltage would increase 15 volts for each wrong answer
If correct, the teacher would read the next word pair

8. Experiment Diagram

9. Electric Shock Apparatus & Volunteer

10. The “Learner’s” Response
The “learner” never received the shocks
A tape recorder played prerecorded sounds of suffering for each shock level
After a number of voltage increases the actor would bang on the wall
After several times banging on the wall and complaining about a heart condition, he would stop responding (faking death)

11. Ending the Experiment
If the “teacher” wanted to stop the experiment, the experimenter gave a succession of verbal prods: (1) Please continue. (2) The experiment requires that you continue. (3) It is absolutely essential that you continue. (4) You have no other choice, you must go on.
Experiment ended: (1) If the “teacher” wanted to stop after all four prods (2) After the teacher had given the max. 450 volt shock

12. The “Teacher’s” Responses
Some test subjects paused after 135 volts and questioned experiment
Some desired to check on the “learner”
Most continued after they were assured they would not be held responsible
Few subjects began to laugh nervously and show extreme signs of stress

13. Percentage Results Fourteen Yale senior-year psych majors polled
Poll Before Experiment
Actual Results
Fourteen Yale senior-year psych majors polled
Few (average 1.2%) of volunteers would inflict maximum voltage
First set of experiments at Yale – 65% (26 of 40) inflicted the maximum voltage
Experiment repeated around the world – 61-66%

14. Other Results
None of volunteers who refused to administer final shocks insisted that the experiment itself be terminated
None left the room to check the health of the victim
Experiment raised questions about the ethics of scientific experimentation
84% of former volunteers were “glad” to have participated

15. Journal 1. Do you believe that the Milgram experiment was ethical?
2. Were you surprised by the results?
3. Can you better understand how and why Germans and others did not do more to stop the Holocaust? Do you believe that those that did not help the Jews were accomplices to the Final Solution?