1. DIGITAL MAPPING Lecture 1 Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas
Department of Engineering Surveying and Geomatics
Al-Balqa’ Applied University
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

2. Digital mapping (also called digital cartography):
The process by which a collection of data is compiled and formatted into a virtual image.
The primary function of this technology is to produce maps that give accurate representations of a particular area, detailing major road arteries and other points of interest.
The technology also allows the calculation of distances from one place to another.
Though digital mapping can be found in a variety of computer applications, such as Google Earth, the main use of these maps is with the Global Positioning System, or GPS satellite network, used in standard automotive navigation systems.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

3. Digital maps what are they?
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

4. Paper maps limitations
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

5. What is the difference between Paper maps and Digital Maps:
1-Paper maps provide basic landscapes similar to digitized road maps.
2- Paper maps are often cumbersome, cover only a designated area, and lack many specific details such as road blocks.
3-There is no way to “update” a paper map except to obtain a new version.
4-On the other hand, digital maps, in many cases, can be updated through synchronization with updates from company servers.
5-We can work with Paper maps only one time and with Digital maps many times.
6-We can get digital maps from different sources ( Photos, Satellites, scan)
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

6. Digital maps spatial and attribute data
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

7. Digital maps advantages
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

8. What is Photo resolution:
Resolution is a common word when you enter the digital photography.
Millions of pixels (picture element) that make up the image sensor in a digital camera are actually tiny light-sensitive squares.
Each pixel registers the brightness of the light striking it, when you click a snapshot.
These pixels in a photograph cannot be identified unless you magnify a digital image.
Camera and image resolution
is measured in Pixels Per Inch or
PPI.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

9. Resolution
It can be identified by the measurement of pixels in dimensions of height and width.
For example, a camera manufacturer can describe the resolution of the camera as 3904x2598 (W x H) pixels, which again can be termed as 3904x2598=10,142,592 pixels.
If this number is divided by 1 million, the figure thus attained will come out to be 10.1 megapixels (one megapixel is equivalent to one million pixels) (10.1 megapixels, or 10.1 MP)
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

10. The greater the number of pixels in an image, the denser the picture information and therefore the higher the resolution.
Higher resolution provides more detail within your image and allows for larger printouts with smooth, continuous tone and color accuracy, and the bigger of the size of the image.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

11. Raster Data:
In its simplest form, a raster consists of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into rows and columns (or a grid) where each cell contains a value representing information, such as temperature, elevation.
Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital pictures, or even scanned maps.
Some rasters have a single band, which is represented by a single matrix of cell values or layer (a measure of a single characteristic), of data.
An example of a single-band raster dataset would be a digital elevation model (DEM). Each cell in a DEM contains only one value representing surface elevation.
You can also have a single-band orthophoto, which is sometimes called a panchromatic or grayscale image.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

12. There are three main ways to display) single-band raster datasets: 1-Using two colors—In a binary image, each cell has a value of 0 or 1 and is often displayed using black and white This type of display is often used for displaying scanned maps with simple line work, such as parcel maps. 2-Grayscale—In a grayscale image, each cell has a value from 0 to another number, such as 255 or These are often used for black-and-white aerial photographs.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

13. 3-Color map—One way to represent colors on an image is with a color map.
A set of values is coded to match a defined set of red, green, and blue (RGB) values..
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

14. Raster Data:
Others have multiple bands contain multiple spatially coincident matrices of cell values representing the same spatial area.
Most satellite imagery has multiple bands, typically containing values within a range or band of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

15. What Affect Raster Data Quality: The quality of a derived raster is primarily determined by: the resolution of the input surface, in both the horizontal and vertical directions.
For example, an elevation raster with cells that are 30 by 30 meters and a vertical resolution of 1 meter would be suitable for small-scale (large area) analysis, and can be used to derive slope and aspect surfaces for analyzing terrain at the state or county level.
However, such surfaces would be inadequate for large-scale (small area) analysis at the city or town level.
The vertical resolution of the input elevation surface impacts the quality of derived rasters.
In areas of gentle slope (shown here in profile as a red line), a 1-meter vertical resolution produces plateaus and abrupt 1-meter changes. A 0.25-meter vertical resolution is better able to follow the slope with more gradual changes in elevation.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

16. Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

17. 2-the availability of neighboring cells:
a) Cells in the interior of a raster have eight immediate neighbors Interior cell A, with eight neighboring cells, will have the most reliable calculated slope or aspect value b) Cells along the edge only have five neighbors c) Corner cells only have three. It will have the least reliable derived values because it has only three neighbors.
The Slope and Aspect tools will calculate values for edge and corner cells, but the smaller number of available neighbors means the calculated slope and aspect values are less reliable for edge and corner cells than they are for interior cells.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

18. What will I learn ? Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
An overview of GIS
How GIS data are captured, stored, retrieved, analyzed & displayed
Where to go for information (self-help)
GIS software and how it works
Where GIS is going
How to use a basic GIS
GIS problem solving
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

19. What is a GIS? Getting Started Some Definitions of GIS
A Brief History of GIS
Sources of Information on GIS
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

20. What is a GIS? “GISs are simultaneously the telescope, the
microscope, the computer, and the Xerox
machine of regional analysis and synthesis
of spatial data.” (Ron Abler, 1988)
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

21. G = f(x, y, z, t, F) Geographic primitive
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

22. Objects and symbols
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

23. Where did GIS come from?
Background in geography, cartography, computer science and mathematics
Fusion of information systems and imaging/positioning technologies
Geographic Information Science is a new interdisciplinary field built out of the use and theory of GIS
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

24. Defining GIS
Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines
All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps (Space matters!)
A GIS at least consists of a database, map information, and a computer-based link between them
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

25. Maps and information
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

26. Spatial and non-spatial data
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

27. Definition 1: A GIS is a toolbox
"a powerful set of tools for storing and retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes" (Burrough, 1986, p. 6).
"automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data." (Clarke, 1995, p. 13).
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

28. Definition 2: A GIS is an information system
"An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working with the data" (Star and Estes, 1990, p. 2).
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

29. Dueker's 1979 definition (p. 20) has survived the test of time.
"A geographic information system is a special case of information systems where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A geographic information system manipulates data about these points, lines, and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses" (Dueker, 1979, p 106).
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

30. The Feature Model
Dueker's definition uses the feature model of geographic space.
The standard feature model divides a mapped landscape up into features, that can be points, lines, or areas.
Using a GIS involves capturing the spatial distribution of features by measurement of the world or of maps.
Almost all human activity and natural phenomena are spatially distributed, so can be studied using a GIS.
A GIS uses map features to manage data.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

31. Dueker
A GIS is flexible enough to be used for query and analysis (in space, about place)
A GIS can do analysis, modeling and prediction
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

32. Definition 3: GIS is an approach to science
Geographic Information Science is research both on and with GIS.
GIScience focuses on "the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities.“ (Goodchild, 1992)
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

33. Definitions of GIS
GIS is a system of hardware, software and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems.
GIS is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on the Earth.
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

34. GIS is about using data to describe our world in two ways:
Location Data - Where is it?
Attribute Data - What is it?
GIS software maintains a link between layers of location and attribute data
With the Link, we can ask questions about our world…
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

35. Brief History of GIS34
Canadian GIS
Canada Geographic Information System is an example of one of the earliest GISs developed, started in the mid 1960s
Developed to analyze the data collected by the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) and to produce statistics to be used in developing land management plans for large areas of rural Canada
Dr. Roger Tomlinson the "father of GIS"
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

36. Brief History of GIS 1980s - 1990s Commercialization
Commercial GIS software (e.g. ArcInfo)
First GIS textbooks
First global data sets
Clinton Executive Order
2000s Exploitation
Internet becomes major deliver vehicle
More than 1 million active users
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

37. Brief History of GIS
The Harvard packages: SYMAP, CALFORM, GRID, POLYVRT, ODYSSEY, etc.
Harvard Laboratory For Computer Graphics And Spatial Analysis (mid 1960s to mid 1970s).
DIME file, TIGER files and Urban atlases: Bureau Of The Census (1970’s)
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

38. Brief History of GIS
ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.)
Jack Dangermond founded Environmental Systems Research Institute in 1969
Early 1980s release of ARC/INFO, which was the first GIS to take advantage of new super-mini hardware
Now ESRI is the world leader in GIS software with diversification of products.
Including Arc/Info, ArcView, ArcPress, MapObjects, Atlas GIS, RouteMap, NetEngine, etc.
Jack Dangermond
President of ESRI
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

39. The Growth of GIS
The GIS industry has been expanding, despite the recent economic downturn, in part because it offers a competitive advantage by leveraging or adding value to existing enterprise databases.
The size of the GIS market, including software, hardware and data, is variously taken to be several billion dollars per year, worldwide
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

40. Business of GIS
GIS industry is worth over $10 billion
Software
Data
Services
Publishing
Education
“The growth of GIS has been a marketing phenomenon of amazing breadth and depth and will remain so for many years to come. Clearly, GIS will integrate its way into our everyday life to such an extent that it will soon be impossible to imagine how we functioned before”
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas

41. GIS as an industry
Source:
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

42. GIS plays a role in society.
Nick Chrisman (1999) has defined GIS as “organized activity by which people measure and represent geographic phenomena, and then transform these representations into other forms while interacting with social structures.”
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

43. Major GIS-Only Journals
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
Geographical Systems
Transactions in GIS
Geospatial solutions
Geoworld
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

44. Popular Distribution Magazines
Geospatial solutions
GIS Law
Geoworld
GPS World
Mapping awareness/Mapping awareness and GIS in Europe/Asia/Africa
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

45. Proceedings of Conferences
GIScience conference
AUTOCARTO International Symposium on Automated Cartography
GIS/LIS. Sponsored by AAG, ACSM, AM/FM, ASPRS, URISA. Held every year, retired in 1998.
International Advanced Study Symposium on Topological Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems
Proceedings International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. IGU Commission on GIS.
SSD Advances in spatial databases
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

46. Professional Organizations
GITA: The Geospatial and Information Technolgy Association (
AAG: The Association of American Geographers. (
ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (
ASPRS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (
NACIS: North American Cartographic Information Society (
URISA: Urban and Regional Information Systems Association ( …
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

47. GIS: Commercial websites
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

48. WWW Resources: GIS-L
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1

49. GIS daily internet news/jobs
Dr. Abdelrahman Abueladas Digital Mapping Lecture 1