1. Chapter 15, Section 2.

2. In a totalitarian state, the government aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens.
The totalitarian states were led by a single leader and a single party. They rejected the ideal of limited government power and the guarantee of individual freedoms.

3. Benito Mussolini used his position as prime minister of Italy to create a Fascist dictatorship.

4. Simple slogans like "Mussolini Is Always Right" were used to mold Italians into a single-minded Fascist community.
Fascism: a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler.

5. In 1922, Vladmir Lenin and the Communists formally created a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
When Lenin died, a power struggle ensued. Leon Trotsky wanted to launch Russia on a path of rapid industrialization and wanted to spread communism abroad.

6. Josef Stalin set up Five-Year-Plans to transform Russia virtually overnight from an agricultural into an industrial country.
Real worker wages decreased and people lived in miserable conditions, as investments in housing declined. Stalin instituted the collectivization of agriculture.

7. Collectivization: a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government.

8. To achieve his goals, Stalin strengthened his control over the party
To achieve his goals, Stalin strengthened his control over the party. Those who resisted were sent into forced labor camps in Siberia.
During the time known as the Great Purge, Stalin arrested and sent 8 million people to labor camps; they never returned.

9. Authoritarian regimes soon replaced parliamentary systems in Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary.
These states were mostly rural and agrarian. Large landowners still dominated most of the land, and they (and the churches) opposed reform.

10. In Spain, General Francisco Franco and his military forces revolted against the democratic government in A brutal and bloody civil war began.
Franco’s forces won, and he ruled until his death in 1975.