1. Chapter 1: Introduction
Definition of Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics is a science that deals with heat and work and those properties of substances that bear a relation to heat and work.
A most fundamental class related to Energy and Power

2. What to be studied? Automobile engines Turbines Compressors, pumps
Fossil and nuclear-fueled power stations
Propulsion systems for aircraft and rockets
Combustion systems
Cryogenic systems, gas separation, and liquefaction
Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems
Vapor compression-and absorption refrigeration
Heat pumps
Cooling of electronic equipment
Renewable energy systems
Fuel cells

3. What to be studied?
Solar-activated heating, cooling, and power generation
Geothermal systems
Ocean thermal, wave, and tidal power generation
Wind power,
Biomedical applications
Life-support systems
Artificial organs

4. Some common systems related to thermodynamics
System is used to identify the subject of the analysis
Thermodynamic cycles would help us to understand the working principles of engines and refrigerators

5. Some common systems related to thermodynamics
Thermodynamic cycles would help us to understand the working principles of very complex power plants
Hundreds of components are organized according to power plant’s Thermodynamic Cycles

6. Some common systems related to thermodynamics
Aircraft Turbojet Engines

7. Some common systems related to thermodynamics

8.  Types of systems
Closed system:

9.  Types of systems
Open systems or control volume:

10. The concepts of properties, state, and processes
• Macroscopic description (homogeneous, isotropic, molecular activities neglected).
• Static, equilibrium states.
A property is a macroscopic characteristic of a system such as mass, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature to which a numerical value can be assigned at a given time without knowledge of previous behavior (history) of the system ( a point function and independent of a process).
The word State refers to the condition of a system as described by its properties.
A Process is a transformation from one state to another.

11. Phase and Pure Substance
Extensive properties depend on the size or extent of a system, mass,
volume, energy, ...
Intensive properties are independent of the size or extent of a system,
temperature, pressure, specific volume, ...
The term phase refers to a quantity of matter that is homogenous
throughout in both chemical composition and physical structure.
A substance may typically have three phases: solid, liquid, and vapor (or gas).
Water: ice, liquid, and vapor
A pure substance is one that is uniform and invariable in chemical
composition. A pure substance can exist in more than one phase; but its chemical composition must be the same

12.   Equilibrium
In mechanics, equilibrium means a condition of balance maintained by an equality of opposing forces.
In thermodynamics, several types of equilibrium must exist individually to fulfill the condition of complete
equilibrium; among these are mechanical, thermal, phase, and chemical equilibrium.
At equilibrium, properties, such as temperature, pressure, density, and chemical composition, must be uniform throughout the system.

13. Specific Volume, Pressure, and Temperature - measurable properties
Specific volume v --- The volume per unit mass

14. Pressure - Thermodynamic pressure

15. Pressure - Thermodynamic pressure

16.   Temperature
We are aware of "temperature" as a sense of hotness or coldness.
However, the sense of hotness or coldness is highly unreliable (different persons may have different senses of hotness or coldness). For this reason, we need a reference (a judge or an arbitrator) to independently determine the hotness or coldness – Temperature.
It is possible to arrive at an objective understanding of equality of temperature by using the fact that when the temperature of a
body changes, other properties (such as volume or pressure) also would also change.
A thermometer based on the change of other properties of a substance is used to measure the temperature.
Then the question is that will the temperature measured by the
thermometer be unique?

17. Temperature The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
Two bodies have equality of temperature with a third body, they in turn have equality of the temperature with each other.
(The third body may be a Thermometer)
Importance: The temperature can be uniquely defined.

18.   Temperature Scales

19.   Temperature Scales
Normal boiling water temperature at atmosphere: