1. Elements of academic writing
Discussion vocabulary
Essay titles commonly ask students to ‘discuss’ a topic:
This requires an evaluation of both the benefits and disadvantages of the topic, with a section of the essay, sometimes headed ‘Discussion’, in which a summary of these is made
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

2. Elements of academic writing
The following vocabulary can be used:
–Ve
+Ve
Drawback
Disadvantage
A Negative Feature
Con (Informal)
Minus (Informal)
A Serious Drawback is . . .
Benefit
Advantage
A Positive Aspect
Pro (Informal)
Plus (Informal)
One Major Advantage is . . .

3. Elements of academic writing
Example;
One drawback to integrating content and language is the demand it places on the teacher
A significant benefit of teaching a subject through a language is the increased motivation to master the language
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

4. Elements of academic writing
Fill the gaps in the following paragraph using language from the table above?
Every year, millions of students choose to study in a foreign country. This can have considerable (a) _______________, such as the chance to experience another culture, but also involves certain (b) _______________, which may include feelings of isolation or homesickness. Another (c) _______________ aspect may be the high cost, involving both fees and living expenses. However, most students appear to find that the (d) _______________ outweigh the (e) _______________, and that the chance to join an international group of students is a major (f) _______________ in developing a career.
Discussion vocabulary
(a) benefits/advantages
(b) drawbacks/disadvantages
(c) negative
(d) advantages/benefits
(e) disadvantages/drawbacks
(f) benefit/advantage
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

5. Elements of academic writing
2- The language of discussion
In discussion,
Avoid personal phrases such as in my opinion, personally, or I think . . .
Use impersonal phrases instead, such as:
It is generally accepted that working from home saves commuting time
It is widely agreed that and the Internet reduce reliance on an office
Most people appear to need face-to-face contact with colleagues
It is probable that more companies will encourage working from home
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

6. Elements of academic writing
The evidence suggests that certain people are better at self-management
These phrases suggest a minority viewpoint:
It can be argued that home-working encourages time-wasting
One view is that home-workers become isolated
When you are supporting your opinions with sources, use phrases such as:
According to Ahmed (2003) few companies have developed clear policies
Paul (2007) claims that most employees benefit from flexible arrangements
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

7. Elements of academic writing
3- Organisation
The discussion can be organised in two ways, either
Grouping the benefits in one section and the disadvantages in another (vertical), or
Examining the subject from different viewpoints (horizontal)
‘Prisons do little to reform criminals and their use should be limited – discuss’
Vertical
Drawbacks
Prisons are expensive, may be ‘universities of crime’, most prisoners reoffend after leaving, many prisoners have mental health problems that are untreated
reoffend (v) commit (require) a further offence
Reoffender (n)
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

8. Elements of academic writing
Benefits
Prisons isolate dangerous criminals from society, act as a deterrent (restrictive) to criminal activity, may provide education or treatment (e.g. for drug addiction), provide punishment for wrongdoing
Discussion
Numbers of prisoners are rising in many countries, which suggests that the system is failing. Evidence that short sentences are of little value. But prisons will always be necessary for some violent criminals, and as a deterrent
Sentences
reoffend (v) commit (require) a further offence
Reoffender (n)
Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing. A handbook for international students (4th ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge.

9. Elements of academic writing
Horizontal
Economic
High costs of keeping prisoners secure. Compare with other forms of punishment
Ethical
Do prisons reform criminals? What rights should prisoners have? Cases of wrongful imprisonment.
Social
Effect on families of prisoners, especially female prisoners with children. But also necessary to consider the victims of crime, especially violent crime, and provide punishment for wrongdoing
Discussion

10. Elements of academic writing
4- Counterarguments
Counterarguments are ideas that are opposite to your ideas
In an academic discussion, you must show that you are familiar with both sides of the argument, and provide reasons to support your position
It is usual to deal with the counterarguments first, before giving your view

11. Elements of academic writing
What is the writer’s position in the following example, on the topic of prisons?
It is claimed that prisons are needed to isolate dangerous criminals from society, and to provide punishment for wrongdoing. But while this may be true in a minority of cases, more commonly prisons act as ‘universities of crime’, which serve to reinforce criminal behaviour. The majority of prisoners are not dangerous, and could be dealt with more effectively by other means.

12. Elements of academic writing
5- Providing evidence
Normally, your conclusions on a topic follow an assessment of the evidence. You must show that you have studied the relevant sources, since only then can you give a balanced judgement.
Study the following text, which discusses the idea that young people today, who have grown up with computing and the Internet, are different from previous generations. Then answer the following questions.