1. AP Biology
Biochemistry: Carbon

2. Carbon What is the valence number ?

3. .
Carbon
(valence = 4)

4. Stanley Miller

5. LE 26-2
CH4
Water vapor
Electrode
NH3 H2
Condenser
Cold
water
Cooled water
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
Sample for
chemical analysis

6. Early Earth

7. Carbon Bonding Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ball-and-Stick
Model
Space-Filling
Model
Methane
Ethane
Ethene (ethylene)

8. Hydrocarbon tails

9. Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid
Choline
Hydrophilic head
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hydrophobic tails
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
Structural formula
Space-filling model
Phospholipid symbol

10. Cell Membranes

11. Functional groups serve important purposes in molecules
Estradiol
Female lion
Testosterone
Male lion

12. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
LE 4-10aa
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO—)
Ethanol, the alcohol present in
alcoholic beverages
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Alcohols (their specific names
usually end in -ol)
Is polar as a result of the
electronegative oxygen atom
drawing electrons toward itself.
Attracts water molecules, helping
dissolve organic compounds such
as sugars (see Figure 5.3).

13. STRUCTURE EXAMPLE NAME OF COMPOUNDS LE 4-10ab
Acetone, the simplest ketone
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
Acetone, the simplest ketone
Propanal, an aldehyde
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Ketones if the carbonyl group is
within a carbon skeleton
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is
at the end of the carbon skeleton
A ketone and an aldehyde may
be structural isomers with
different properties, as is the case
for acetone and propanal.

14. LE 4-10ac STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Acetic acid, which gives vinegar
its sour taste
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
Has acidic properties because it is
a source of hydrogen ions.
The covalent bond between
oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
that hydrogen ions (H+) tend to
dissociate reversibly; for example,
Acetic acid
Acetate ion
In cells, found in the ionic form,
which is called a carboxylate group.

15. LE 4-10ba STRUCTURE EXAMPLE Glycine Because it also has a carboxyl
group, glycine is both an amine and
a carboxylic acid; compounds with
both groups are called amino acids.
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Amine
Acts as a base; can pick up a
proton from the surrounding
solution:
(nonionized)
(ionized)
Ionized, with a charge of 1+,
under cellular conditions

16. STRUCTURE EXAMPLE NAME OF COMPOUNDS
LE 4-10bb
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
(may be written HS—)
Ethanethiol
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Thiols
Two sulfhydryl groups can
interact to help stabilize protein
structure (see Figure 5.20).

17. STRUCTURE EXAMPLE NAME OF COMPOUNDS
LE 4-10bc
STRUCTURE
EXAMPLE
Glycerol phosphate
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Organic phosphates
Makes the molecule of which it
is a part an anion (negatively
charged ion).
Can transfer energy between
organic molecules.