1. Evidence … … what evidence?
Table 4: Implications for the learner Are reformed curricula, pedagogies etc leading to changes in learners’ performance and experiences?
ILO study, Malta, Netherlands, Finland …
Evidence …
… what evidence?
Attribution issues
How do we measure success?
… in education?
Different reasons for introduction in different contexts
Different learning outcomes packages in different contexts
… in the labour market?
Endogenous or exogenous?

2. Implementation is critical
Table 4: Implications for the learner What remains to be done to enable learners to benefit?
Teacher training and assessment
Reflective practitioners
Implementation is critical
… brilliant ideas can fail
Organisational culture, rewards, incentives
Resources
Leadership
Start-up costs
‘People’ support, mentors
Keep pressure and support in harmony