1945-1960 TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.4: cold war fears at home.

TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.4: cold war fears at home

The McCarthy Era McCarthy’s Rise to Power
Accused people of having Communist ties charges gained support because of American’s fears

McCarthy’s Fall Early 1954 – accused the Army of being “full” of Communists Leaders stopped and investigated his claims Army-McCarthy hearings began in April 1954 § televised and lost credibility; “red scare” slowed

Q: What finally led to McCarthy’s downfall?
A: He went too far when he accused the Army, and the televised hearings exposed him as a fraud

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Hollywood Ten blacklist
Postwar America ( ) Lesson 4 Cold War Fears at Home Key Terms Red Scare Smith Act House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Hollywood Ten blacklist Alger Hiss Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Venona Papers Joseph R. McCarthy McCarthyism

In times of crisis, rights have sometimes been limited.
A. Cold War Tensions Rise at Home Americans have often faced the difficult task of balancing the need to provide national security with the need to protect people’s rights and freedoms. In times of crisis, rights have sometimes been limited. Beginning in the late 1940s, the Cold War dominated American life.

A. Cold War Tensions Rise at Home
For some of those years, the nation was in the grip of a new Red Scare. 5. The hunt for communists netted some spies, but it also disrupted the lives of thousands of innocent Americans.

The House Un-American Activities Committee
Cold War Tensions Rise at Home The Second Red Scare The House Un-American Activities Committee Red Scare Intensifies Cold War Fears

The accused in the two cases could not have been more different.
B. Domestic Spy Cases Increase Fears Two sensational spy trials drew the nation’s attention to the threat posed by communist agents working to subvert the United States. The accused in the two cases could not have been more different. Alger Hiss had been educated at Johns Hopkins University and Harvard Law School.

B. Domestic Spy Cases Increase Fears
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were from the poor, lower east side of Manhattan. 5. Although Hiss and the Rosenbergs never met, their crimes and their trials have linked them in the public’s imagination.

HUAC Investigates Alger Hiss
B. Domestic Spy Cases Increase Fears HUAC Investigates Alger Hiss The Rosenbergs and the Venona Papers

Analyze Charts: The major events of both Alger Hiss’s case and the Rosenberg case are listed in this chart. Why do you think the Rosenbergs were sentenced to death after their trial?

The early Cold War years saw one ominous event after another.
C. McCarthyism The early Cold War years saw one ominous event after another. The fall of China, Soviet nuclear bombs, and the exposure of Soviet agents in the United States all undermined American confidence. At that time, as Americans worried about the nation’s security, a clever and unscrupulous man began to take advantage of this sense of fear and helplessness.

C. McCarthyism 4. McCarthy suggested that these setbacks were really caused by the work of traitors inside the United States.

The Rise of Senator Joe McCarthy
C. McCarthyism The Rise of Senator Joe McCarthy The Methods of McCarthyism McCarthy Loses Support

C. the HUAC investigations of American communists
Quiz: Cold War Tensions Rise at Home What encouraged the suspicion that American communists were working for the enemy? A. the AEC questioning of J. Robert Oppenheimer B. the testimony in the trial of the Hollywood Ten C. the HUAC investigations of American communists D. the spread of communism into Eastern Europe and Asia C. the HUAC investigations of American communists

A. the brutality of Stalin’s rule on Soviet citizens
Quiz: Domestic Spy Cases Increase Fears Why did Whittaker Chambers abandon his communist beliefs? A. the brutality of Stalin’s rule on Soviet citizens B. the anti-Semitic sentiment of the Soviet government C. the transmission of U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union D. the communist agents spying on the U.S. government A. the brutality of Stalin’s rule on Soviet citizens

C. McCarthy’s bullying tactics during the televised Senate hearings
Quiz: McCarthyism What event brought an end to McCarthyism? A. McCarthy’s tactics for getting reelection to the U.S. Senate B. McCarthy’s accusations against a former Secretary of State C. McCarthy’s bullying tactics during the televised Senate hearings D. McCarthy accusing 205 government officials of being communist C. McCarthy’s bullying tactics during the televised Senate hearings

TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.5: postwar prosperity

Lesson 5 Postwar Prosperity
Postwar America ( ) Lesson 5 Postwar Prosperity Key Terms demobilization GI Bill of Rights baby boom productivity Sunbelt service sector information industries franchise businesses Sam Walton Estee Lauder multinational corporations AFL-CIO Taft-Hartley Act Fair Deal

Causes and Effects of Prosperity in the 1950s
After World War II, many Americans worried that the war’s end would bring renewed economic depression. Numerous economists shared this pessimistic view of the future, predicting that the American economy could not produce enough jobs to employ all those who were returning from the military.

Causes and Effects of Prosperity in the 1950s
3. Instead of a depression, Americans experienced the longest period of economic growth in American history, a boom that enabled millions of Americans to enter the middle class. 4. This era of sustained growth fostered a widespread sense of optimism about the nation’s future.

A. Causes and Effects of Prosperity in the 1950s
Impact of the GI Bill A Baby Boom Increases Consumption Postwar Inflation Free Enterprise Improves U.S. Standard of Living Technological Progress Enhances Productivity Military Spending Supports Growth

In your opinion, which is more important to the U. S
In your opinion, which is more important to the U.S. economy, home ownership or automobile ownership? Why?

Baby Boom Birthrate increased Reached its peak in 1947
1947--One baby born every 7 seconds! 2018—the “Boomers” are retiring/retired.

Americans Migrate to the Sunbelt
In 1958, two New York baseball teams—the Dodgers and the Giants—moved to California. Their move reflected another crucial trend of the postwar era, the growth of the Sunbelt, the name given to the southern and western states.

WITH A PARTNER: p. 662 Read the section and list the CAUSES and EFFECTS of migration in the space provided on your notes. Causes: Climate Booming industrial economy Growing cities Growing aerospace and electronics industry Air conditioning Latinos escaping communist Cuba (Castro) Effects: Movement of political power Environmental concerns (traffic jams, smog, water shortages)

Causes: Climate Booming industrial economy Growing cities Growing aerospace and electronics industry Air conditioning Latinos escaping communist Cuba (Castro) Effects: Movement of political power Environmental concerns (traffic jams, smog, water shortages)

3. By the mid-1960s, California passed New York as the state with the largest population. 4. The migration to Sunbelt cities, such as Houston, Texas, and Los Angeles, California, continued for the rest of the twentieth century.

Effects of Migration on Society and the Environment
B. Americans Migrate to the Sunbelt Causes of Migration Effects of Migration on Society and the Environment

Several states in the sunbelt saw significant growth in their populations. Based on the map, which states had the most growth? Which states lost population?

Innovations and Economic Development
The important postwar population shifts were matched by equally groundbreaking structural changes in the American economy. For the first time in American history, more people found employment in the service sector—businesses that provide services, such as healthcare, law, retail, banking, or insurance—than in the manufacturing sector. These shifts led some to describe the United States as a postindustrial society.

C. Innovations and Economic Development
Innovative Computers Drive Economic Growth Changes in the Labor Force The Role of Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs Lead Management Innovations American Corporations Go Multinational Effects of Prosperity on Labor

With little money down, you could own a small business and have the support of a multi-million dollar company.

Relationships with Congress and Labor
D. Truman’s Postwar Leadership Relationships with Congress and Labor Support for Civil Rights Truman Defeats Dewey Consequences of Truman’s Presidency

The Election of 1948 Truman ran for re-election but victory was not expected Party split; southern democrat segregationists formed: States’ Rights party AKA Dixiecrat party Governor J. Strom Thurmond (SC) nominated for president

How did Truman’s support of civil rights cause a split in the Democratic party?
Segregationist southern Democrats formed a separate party, the States’ Rights party.

Truman’s Postwar Leadership
As the postwar economy evolved and new demographic patterns changed society, American leaders faced rapidly shifting domestic and foreign political landscapes. On April 12, 1945, when Franklin Roosevelt died, Harry S. Truman had been Vice President for only 4 months. When Eleanor Roosevelt told him that her husband had died, Truman responded, “Is there anything I can do for you?” She replied, “Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now.”

Taft-Hartley Act 1947 law that allowed the President to order striking workers in some industries to go back to work

Taft-Hartley Act 1947; allowed the President to declare an 80-day cooling-off period when strikes hit industries that affected national interest.

E. Eisenhower Leads a Thriving Nation
The 1952 election was hardly a contest. The Republican candidate, Dwight Eisenhower, was so popular that both the Democratic and Republican parties had wanted him as their presidential candidate. Eisenhower, whose nickname was Ike, charmed the public with his friendly smile, reassuring personality, and record of service and honesty. the Democratic candidate, Adlai Stevenson, a senator from Illinois, failed to catch the popular imagination the way Eisenhower did.

Dwight Eisenhower and the Republican Approach
Eisenhower ran against Stevenson in 1952 election Republican Former Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces President of Columbia University Head of NATO Talented diplomat Gave Americans a sense of security “I Like Ike” Focused on three problems: Korea Communism Corruption K1C2

At the end of World War II, many American soldiers were afraid of
Quiz: Causes and Effects of Prosperity in the 1950s At the end of World War II, many American soldiers were afraid of A. demobilization. B. inflation. C. readjustment. D. unemployment. D. unemployment.

What caused a shift in representation in Congress?
Quiz: Americans Migrate to the Sunbelt What caused a shift in representation in Congress? A. migration to warmer regions B. high inflation of the price of goods C. the return of soldiers from World War II D. the number of women in the labor force A. migration to warmer regions

Quiz: Innovations and Economic Development
What role did women play in keeping more families in the middle class? A. Women are credited with having created the boom in the information industry. B. Many of the earliest franchise businesses were owned and operated solely by women. C. Many families remained in the middle class because of the paychecks earned by women. D. Women developed technologies that helped farms produce more food with fewer workers. C. Many families remained in the middle class because of the paychecks earned by women.

A. stance on foreign issues. B. trouble with trade unions.
Quiz: Truman’s Postwar Leadership President Truman lost political standing in his own party due to his support for civil rights and his A. stance on foreign issues. B. trouble with trade unions. C. national health insurance program. D. attacks on the “do nothing” Congress. A. stance on foreign issues.

Quiz: Eisenhower Leads a Thriving Nation
Though Eisenhower had never held political office, most Americans believed he would take the “middle road” due to his A. calm personality. B. record of honesty. C. conservative views. D. military background. A. calm personality.

Quiz Review "I have here in my hand a list of 205 [individuals] that were known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department." This statement was made by A. George Marshall. B. Joseph McCarthy. C. Richard Nixon. D. Margaret Chase Smith. B. Joseph McCarthy.

A. It created fear and panic.
Quiz Review Based on the cartoon, how did the actions of the House Un-American Activities Committee affect American society? A. It created fear and panic. B. It targeted businesses and corporations. C. It broke state and federal laws. D. It caused Americans to turn against each other. A. It created fear and panic.

Quiz Review Based on the cartoon, what can you infer about how the artist would describe the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee? A. It recklessly targeted suspected communist citizens and organizations. B. It created resistance among citizens who did not wish to identify communist infiltration. C. It threatened to destabilize the U.S. government if left unchecked. D. It heroically challenged communists who attempted to block the committee’s efforts. A. It recklessly targeted suspected communist citizens and organizations.

TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.6: MASS CULTURE IN THE 1950S

After WWII, Americans were excited to BUY things that previously they could not (because of the Depression and then rationing during the war). Soldiers wanted to put the horrors of the war behind them.

150 houses built each week!

What were the benefits and drawbacks of Levittowns?
Low costs, fast construction, built-in communities Drawbacks: uniformity

Fast Facts to Compare Population then: 151.6 million
Population now: 306 million **** Life Expectancy then: Men65.6; Women71.1 Life Expectancy now: Men75; Women81.1

…More Facts… <THEN>
-Labor Force male/female: 5/2 -Cost of a loaf of bread: $0.14 -Cost of a gallon of gas: $0.28 -Bomb shelter plans, like the government pamphlet “You Can Survive,” became widely available

1950 - “teenager” entered the dictionary
Teenagers “teenager” entered the dictionary

Interstate Highway Act consumerism median family income nuclear family
Postwar America ( ) Lesson 6 Mass Culture in the 1950s Key Terms Interstate Highway Act consumerism median family income nuclear family Benjamin Spock Billy Graham California Master Plan

1955 – “In God We Trust” was required to appear on $$$
Resurgence in Religion Some looked to religion in response to the threat of nuclear war 1954 – “under God” was added by Congress to the Pledge of Allegiance 1955 – “In God We Trust” was required to appear on $$$

Billy Graham Evangelist (person who tries to convince
people to become Christian) Appeared at revivals and rallies, on television, in magazines Wrote 18 books

Suburban Migration 1. The 1950s marked a period of changing national population distribution. 2. Between 1940 and 1960, more than 40 million Americans moved to the suburbs, one of the largest mass migrations in history. 3. Rural regions suffered the most dramatic decline in population, but people also came by the thousands from older industrial cities, seeking, as one father put it, a place where “a kid could grow up with grass stains on his pants.” 4. During the same time period, many older industrial cities lost population.

Kennedy wedding, Jacqueline throwing the bouquet, 1953
Social pressures Early marriage Childbearing Stay-at-home motherhood Nuclear family Kennedy wedding, Jacqueline throwing the bouquet, 1953

Media portrayals of gender
A photo of the Cleaver family from Leave it to Beaver, a popular TV show in the 1950s-60s

Suburbia, home of the “happy housewife”
G.I. Bill Mass-produced, affordable homes Great Migration and “white flight” Levittown track homes of the 1950s

Household products marketed to women
A 1950s ad for a cleaning product A 1950s ad for an electric iron

How did the traditional role of women in the 1950s support the ideals of postwar America?
Managing their families and maintaining their homes supported the ideals of stability and security.

Causes and Effects of Suburban Growth
A. Suburban Migration Causes and Effects of Suburban Growth Interstates Support Migration and Prosperity Technological Innovations Lead to the “Car Culture”

41,000 miles of highway constructed
Car Culture Drive-In Movies and Restaurants “See the USA!” Vacations  41,000 miles of highway constructed

“A penny saved is a penny earned,” advised Benjamin Franklin.
Increased Consumption and Consumerism For much of our history, Americans had been taught to save their money. “A penny saved is a penny earned,” advised Benjamin Franklin. However, as the U.S. economy began to boom in the postwar era, Americans were caught up in a wave of consumerism, buying as much as they could, much of it on credit. What accounted for this spending spree?

Free Enterprise System Improves Standards of Living
B. Increased Consumption and Consumerism Free Enterprise System Improves Standards of Living Technological Innovations Drive New Conveniences

Growth of Consumer Credit
Gas companies offered credit cards to loyal customers Easy and convenient Americans went into debt for products they wanted Lenders made borrowing money easy Diner’s Club, American Express, Visa

How did the percentage change in the top two income brackets shown affect U.S. consumer culture?

New household appliances of the 1950s used the latest technology to reduce the daily burden of household chores and improve Americans’ standard of living.

Families and Communities in the Fifties
American society had been shaken to its core by the mass mobilizations and disruption brought about by World War II. As Americans readjusted to life in peacetime, they embraced traditional ideals of family life and community.

Women Should… “The ideal modern woman married, cooked and cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure.” -- Life magazine, 1956

Men Should… “The ideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house.” -- Life magazine, 1955

The “Ideal” American Family
C. Families and Communities in the Fifties The “Ideal” American Family Baby Boom Increases Focus on Children Billy Graham Contributes to a Religious Revival Specific Needs Lead to Medical Innovations

Baby Boom Birthrate increased Reached its peak in 1947
1947--One baby born every 7 seconds! 2018—the “Boomers” are retiring/retired.

By what percentage did total women workers change from 1955 to 1970?
Is this a significant change?

Specific Needs Lead to Scientific Innovations Miracles of Science in the 1950s
First Organ Transplant First Color Television First IBM Mainframe Computer Hydrogen Bomb Test DNA Structure Discovered First Report that Cigarettes Cause Cancer Remote Control Invented Velcro Introduced First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant Russians launch SPUTNIK I NASA Created Press Conference of the First 7 American Astronauts

A more educated work force boosted economic productivity.
Educational Opportunities and Priorities As the economy grew, so too did opportunities for Americans to attain higher education. A more educated work force boosted economic productivity. In 1940, only about 15 percent of college-age Americans attended college. By the early 1960s, however, close to 40 percent did. The percentage of Americans who completed high school also rose sharply. “The astonishing growth of education in the late 1940s (and thereafter),” wrote historian James Patterson, “seemed yet another sign that the American Dream was well and alive.”

Defense Spending Shapes Education Priorities
D. Educational Opportunities and Priorities Defense Spending Shapes Education Priorities Education Becomes More Accessible

E. Television Shapes American Culture
In 1938, when television was still just a curiosity, E. B. White, author of Charlotte’s Web, wrote that it “is going to be the test of the modern world We shall stand or fall by the television.” While White’s view may have been exaggerated, clearly television has had an enormous impact on American society.

Technology Transforms Life
Television Developed in the 1930s Popular after WWII Advertising sold to raise money commercials 1946-7,000 TV sets in the U.S. ,000,000 TV sets!

Missing from the pretty picture…
-22% of Americans living in poverty -Rural areas had little access to schools, electricity, running water, etc. -Mainly minorities living in those areas -Segregation Laws -Truman’s Fair Deal-Government money to combat these issues -Voted down by Congress who want to maintain status quo (keep things the same)

Truman’s Fair Deal Extended the New Deal’s goals (FDR)
Introduced a 21-point program to promote: Employment, higher minimum wage, greater unemployment compensation, housing assistance and other items First president to campaign in Harlem (NYC) 1946 – Truman asked for national health insurance and legislation to control atomic energy Lots of opposition Only act that passed: Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers created

B. by mass producing houses to cut down building time
Quiz: Suburban Migration How did William Levitt revolutionize suburban living? A. by creating businesses to cater to the car culture B. by mass producing houses to cut down building time C. by constructing shopping malls across suburban areas D. by building highway systems to connect suburbs to cities B. by mass producing houses to cut down building time

A. Shopping centers were built in suburban towns.
Quiz: Increased Consumption and Consumerism What effect did the increase in consumerism have on the suburbs? A. Shopping centers were built in suburban towns. B. Suburban towns needed more routes to nearby cities. C. Many suburban families could not afford to buy new goods. D. The decline in laborious housework led to a decrease in jobs. A. Shopping centers were built in suburban towns.

D. Teens of the baby boom era often purchased expensive items.
Quiz: Families and Communities in the Fifties How did the baby boom generation affect the economy in the 1950s? A. Companies expanded as baby boomers entered the workforce. B. Children born during the baby boom era received better vaccines. C. Families often needed the mothers to go to work to support the children. D. Teens of the baby boom era often purchased expensive items. D. Teens of the baby boom era often purchased expensive items.

D. the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik I
Quiz: Educational Opportunities and Priorities Which event inspired the call for more federal funding for public education? A. a childcare book by Dr. Spock B. the desegregation of public schools C. an increase in the population of children D. the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik I D. the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik I

Quiz: Television Shapes American Culture
Why did the movie industry feel threatened by the popularity of television? A. Television shows provided a sense of sameness across the nation. B. Families used television shows as a way to entertain their children. C. Television shows allowed families to stay home and still be entertained. D. Families idolized the nuclear family showcased in television shows. C. Television shows allowed families to stay home and still be entertained.

TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.7: social issues of the 1950s

beatniks rock-and-roll Elvis Presley urban renewal termination policy
Postwar America ( ) Lesson 7 Social Issues of the 1950s Key Terms beatniks rock-and-roll Elvis Presley urban renewal termination policy

Rock and Roll Popular: Chuck Berry. Bill Haley and the Comets and Little Richard ELVIS PRESLEY!

beatnik Members of the “Beat Generation”; writers and artists focused on spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity

Despite the prosperity of the 1950s, not all people benefited.
Critics and Rebels Emerge Despite the prosperity of the 1950s, not all people benefited. Some felt let out of the era's prosperity. Others, who had obtained more wealth, wondered whether all of the material things they acquired had actually led to a better life. The discontents of the 1950s would manifest the first signs of the dissent that would dominate the 1960s.

Cultural Movements Against Conformity
A. Critics and Rebels Emerge Cultural Movements Against Conformity The Impact of the Beat Generation on American Society A New Style of Music

People who were poor and evicted were well hidden.
Poverty in the Cities and Rural Areas Behind the new household appliances, the spreading suburbs, the burgeoning shopping malls, and the ribbons of highways was a very different United States. It was a nation of urban slums, desperate rural poverty, and discrimination. People who were poor and evicted were well hidden.

Effects of Migration on Cities
B. Poverty in the Cities and Rural Areas Effects of Migration on Cities Migration from Rural Areas

What push and pull factors might have affected Americans in the South during this period?

This graph shows how poverty levels changed from 1955–2005.
Overall, what was the poverty trend in this period?

Struggles of Minorities
During the postwar years, the battle for civil rights in the South began to gain headlines. Yet, in the same time period, African Americans and other minorities also fought for equality in the urban north and west. Central to their struggles were efforts to overcome housing and employment discrimination.

Discrimination against Puerto Ricans
C. Struggles of Minorities Discrimination against Puerto Ricans Labor Conditions and Mexicans Americanization of Native Americans

A. Many Americans felt they had been left out of mainstream society.
Quiz: Critics and Rebels Emerge Why was the theme of alienation popular in many movies and novels in the 1950s? A. Many Americans felt they had been left out of mainstream society. B. Many Americans felt that material possessions were overvalued. C. Many Americans felt that the quality of life had not improved. D. Many Americans felt that advertising held too much power. A. Many Americans felt they had been left out of mainstream society.

Quiz: Poverty in the Cities and Rural Areas
Which was the main cause for the economic downturn in cities in the 1950s? A. Federal public housing projects concentrated poverty in certain areas. B. Cities lost tax revenue when middle-class families moved to the suburbs. C. Large numbers of minorities migrated to cities in search of employment. D. Urban renewal projects drove people from their neighborhoods. B. Cities lost tax revenue when middle-class families moved to the suburbs.

Quiz: Struggles of Minorities
What impact would the termination policy have on Native Americans? A. Native Americans would be relocated from their reservations to the nation’s cities. B. Native Americans would be forced to work in degrading conditions or risk losing their jobs. C. Native Americans would receive help from the government to improve services in their communities. D. Native Americans would be forced to assimilate to white society or risk losing health and welfare benefits. A. Native Americans would be relocated from their reservations to the nation’s cities.

1945-1960 TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.4: cold war fears at home.

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1945-1960 TOPIC 15: THE COLD WAR 15.4: cold war fears at home.

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