1. Research in Language Learning and Teaching
Short introduction to research and its planning

2. What is research?
“A systematic process of inquiry consisting of three elements or components: (1) a question, problem or hypothesis, (2) data, and (3) analysis and interpretation.”
(Nunan 1992, 3)

3. Basic vs. applied research
Basic research:
acquire knowledge for the sake of knowledge
get more complete understanding of world.
Applied research:
“Deals with human and societal problems in the hopes of finding solutions to real-world problems.”
Not trying to postulate theory but trying to find answers for a specific time, place and context.
(McKay 2006, 4)

4. Fundamentals in research
Research should be able to meet the tests of:
Validity =>
Reliability =>
Success of measuring what was planned; strength of conclusion
Research is repeatable
and, according to Nunan, be published (“’publish’ in the broad sense of ‘to make public’”) (Nunan 2005, 225)

5. Research paradigms Paradigm is a set of basic beliefs
Three dominant paradigms:
Positivsm
Constructivism
Critical Theory
Paradigm wars of the ’70s and ‘80s over
More pragmatism reigns now but getting an overview still daunting for new researchers
“… (POST-)POSITIVISM, based on the assumption that we can test our hypotheses about the nature of the world through a process of carefully constructed experimentation or measurement. This came to be challenged by CONSTRUCTIVISM, which rejected the objectification of knowledge and sought instead to understand, through locally situated investigation, participants’ social construction of reality. A third paradigm associated with CRITICAL THEORY demanded an analysis of participant perspectives based on the recognition that these reflected power asymmetries produced by social and historical forces.” (Richards 2009, 148)

6. Fork in the road
Although the days of crude alternatives in research have passed and combinations are possible, a choice in language learning research normally has to be made for:
Empirical research or
description (of pedagogical practice) (textual-hermeneutic studies)

7. Research: What? Strictly speaking anything in language teaching.
General areas:
Language policy
Syllabus, curriculum
Materials, textbooks, etc.
Technology
Methodology
Specific skills
Teaching of grammar, vocabulary, etc.
Language for specific purposes
Culture
Motivation, affective factors
Etc.

8. Overall Methodology Approach to research:
Quantitative research (e.g. cross-sectional process-product)
Qualitative
Ethnographic
Action research
Case study
Etc.
Mixed method research
Approach sometimes also called tradition of research.

9. How: Methods (Tools?) Means of gathering data with certain procedures:
Observation (sound, video, note-taking, material handed out)
Survey/Feedback:
questionnaire,
interview (formal or informal)
Conversation analysis
Tests
Verbal reports
Learner diaries
Ethnographic methods e.g. observation (multiple sources of data) and participation by researcher
Case study
Linguistic survey
Corpus-based research
Text-based research
Etc.

10. Research: Who? Researchers: Being researched: Teachers
Learners (why not?)
Being researched:
Learners (individuals, grades, groups: age, proficiency, etc.)
All teaching material
Teaching situation
Texts
---> combinations possible or necessary

11. Research: Steps of research
Determine general research area/topic
Do survey of literature, i.e. research the topic
Formulate research question or hypothesis
Determine aim of research
Describe theoretical basis
Determine research design:
Methodology
Tools
Collect data
Describe process and results
Discussion and Conclusion

12. Pilot study or prototype
Useful before a large research project to test feasibility of hypothesis, planned methods, use of technology, etc.
It is much smaller study than eventual project.

13. Tip on collecting sources
Any photocopy you make or any good statement you write down, ALWAYS write the source down, i.e. where you found it.
That means:
author,
date of publication,
title of book/journal article/website/…, place of publication and publisher (for book) OR title of journal, edition and number, page(s) (for journal) OR URL, date viewed (for website)

14. In closing … As researcher be aware of:
your own assumptions on language learning and teaching
the exact aim of research
boundaries of research (or put differently: what you are NOT researching)
choosing appropriate methods for the research
the fact that research of language teaching and learning is about humans! “Protect” them and let them “benefit”. (McKay 2006, viii)

15. Bibliography
Hinkel, E. (ed.) Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning. London: Routledge. Available on Google Books: (This book is highly recommended.) McKay, S Researching second language classrooms. London: Routledge. Available on Google Books. (This book is highly recommended.) Nunan, D Research methods in language learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Nunan, D Classroom Research. In: E. Hinkel (ed.). Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning. London: Routledge Available on Google Books. Richards, K Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since Language Teaching, 42(2):