1. TOPIC 2 RURAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
ISSUE 2
THEORIES OF URBANIZATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

2. 1.THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN INDUSTRIALIZATION
BRUCE JOHNSTON AND JOHN MELLOR
DEVELOPED THE THEORY IN 1965

3. CONTENT OF THE THEORY
A SUSTAINABLE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IS A KEY FACTOR IN SUPPORTING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTING A RAPID GROWTH RATE FOR THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

4. THE THEORY
REASONS: (a) AGRICULTURE SUPPLIES FOODSTUFFS AND RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED IN URBAN AREAS (b) AGRICULTURE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCING CASH AND FOOD CROPS FOR EXPORTS TO EARN FOREIGN EXCHANGE WHICH COULD BE USED TO BUY TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER ITEMS FOR URBAN, RURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

5. REASONS
© AGRICULTURE PLAYS THE ROLE OF RELEASING LOBOUR FORCE FOR THE INDUSTRIAL AND OTHER URBAN SECTORS (d) AGRICULTURE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXPANDING THE DOMESTIC MARKET FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS (e) AGRICULTURE HAS THE IMPORTANCE OF INCREASING DOMESTIC SAVINGS FOR FINANCING INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION

6. THE THEORY
IT STRESSES THE NEED FOR STRUCTURAL CHANGE BY REDUCING THE SHARE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND INCREASE THE MANUFACTURING AND URBAN SERVICES SECTOR THE THEORY PROVIDES LITTLE EXPLANATION ON HOW SUCH STRUCTURE CHANGE CAN BE ACCCOMPLISHED

7. 2. HARMONIOUS LINKS IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
AUTHOR OF THE THEORY: SCHUMACHER, E. F. CONTENT: IT OPPOSES THE ACHIEVEMENT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION BY SQUEEZING AGRICULTURE AND RURAL RESOURCE BASE THE AUTHOR ADVOCATES FOR A PROGRAMME OF BALANCED DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE

8. EXPLANATION OF SECOND THEORY CONTINUES
REASON:- IT HAS BEEN SEEN THE POTENTIAL FOR INDUSTRIAL ACHIEVEMENTS TO MAKE RURAL PEOPLE INCREASE THEIR LIVELIHOODS AND SECURE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ALSO RURAL SECTOR HAS BEEN THE DRIVING FORCE FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

9. 3.URBANIZATION THEORIES
URBAN BIAS
ONE OF THE AUTHOR WAS LIPTON WHO IN 1977 PROVIDED THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENT:
MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IMPLEMENT INVESTMENT, TAX, PRICING AND OTHER POLICIES WHICH FAVOUR MORE URBAN
AREAS THAN THE RURAL AREAS

10. 1.URBAN BIAS- URBANIZATION THEORIES
WHY SUCH SITUATION HAS BEEN HAPPENING?
THE STATES GET PRESSURE FROM VARIOUS URBAN BASED GROUPS:
INDUSTRIALISTS, SMALL-SCALE CAPITALISTS,
INTELLECTUALS AND URBAN WORKERS

11. 1.URBAN BIAS- URBANIZATION THEORIES
OUTCOME OF THE OPERATION OF URBAN BIAS
CREATION OF DISPARITY BETWEEN RURAL AND TOWNS/CITIES WITH RESPECT TO CONSUMPTION,
WAGES AND PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS
2. SUCH DISPARITIES LEAD INTO HIGHER STANDARD
OF LIVING FOR URBAN CITIZENS AND DRAW MIGRANTS FROM POORER RURAL AREAS

12. 1.URBAN BIAS- URBANIZATION THEORIES
RECOMMENDATION MADE BY THE URBAN BIAS THE RURAL DWELLERS SHOULD REMAIN IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES INSTEAD OF MIGRATING TO URBAN AREAS WHERE THEY WILL JOIN THE INFORMAL LABOUR MARKET AND BECOME UNPRODUCTIVE HUMAN CAPITAL

13. 2.DEPENDENCY THEORIES URBANIZATION THEORIES
AUTHOR OF THE THEORIES: TIMBERLAKE, EVANS AND KENTOR ARGUMENT: 1.FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THIRD WORLD DISPLACES PEASANTS AND PUSHES THEM TO THE CITIES/TOWNS

14. 2.DEPENDENCY THEORIES URBANIZATION THEORIES
ARGUMENT: 2.THIRD WORLD FARMERS ARE AFFECTED NEGATIVELY BY A NUMBER FACTORS IN PRODUCING THEIR PRIMARY COMMODITIES (e.g. COFFEE, TEA AND COTTON) RESULTING MIGRATING TO CITIES/TOWNS

15. 2.DEPENDENCY THEORIES URBANIZATION THEORIES
THE FACTORS INCLUDE
LOW INTERNATIONAL PRICES FOR THEIR COMMODITIES EXPORTED
DROUGHTS

16. CONCLUSION OF THEDEPENDENCY THEORIES
CITIES OR TOWNS THROUGHOUT THE DEVELOPING WORLD HAVE INCREASED THEIR LEVEL OF URBANIZATION LARGELY BECAUSE OF EXTERNAL CAPITAL WHICH MAKES PEOPLE IN THE RURAL AREAS BEING ATTRACTED TO MOVE FOR OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED IN THE URBAN AREAS

17. REFERENCES
MICHAEL P. TODARO (1992) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THIRD WORLD, NEW YORK, LONGMAN PUBLISHERS
2.ASHLEY, C. AND S. MAXWELL (2001) RETHINKING RURAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPING POLICY REVIEW 19 (4) pp of 2001