1. Propofol causes neurite retraction in neurones
D. Turina, V.M. Loitto, K. Björnström, T. Sundqvist, C. Eintrei 
British Journal of Anaesthesia 
Volume 101, Issue 3, Pages (September 2008)
DOI: /bja/aen185
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Propofol induces neurite retraction. (a) Time-lapse imaging reveals dynamics of neurite retraction and morphological changes after the addition of propofol. Cortical cell cultures in CCM were exposed to 2 μM propofol and observed for 10 min. Images shown are 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, and 10 min after addition of propofol. The scale bar is 10 μm. (b) Propofol-induced neurite retraction is time-dependent. Cell cultures were exposed to 0.2, 2, and 20 μM propofol and assessed over 10 min. Values are expressed as percentage neurite retraction. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 vs vehicle (control) (anova, followed by Bonferroni test). Values represent mean (sd), n=14 for each concentration (n=6 for vehicle).
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen185)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Propofol induces a concentration-dependent neurite retraction. (a) Magnified time-lapse differential interference contrast images of a rat cortical neurite. Treatment with 20 μM propofol-induced neurite retraction characterized by a retraction bulb (thick arrows) and a trailing remnant (thin arrows). The trailing remnant was not included in the length measurements. Images shown are 0 and 10 min after addition of propofol 20 μM. The trailing remnant has become too narrow to permit vesicle transport to the synapse. The scale bar is 10 μm. The percentage of neurite retraction was assessed at (b) 2 and 10 min after exposure to propofol at concentrations of 0.02, 0.2, 2, and 20 μM. Values represent mean (sd), n=14 for each concentration (n=6 for vehicle).
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen185)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Propofol-induced neurite retraction is reversible. (a) Time-lapse images of a rat cortical neurite after propofol washout. Cell cultures in CCM were exposed to 2 μM propofol for 2 min and then washed. Images shown are 0, 10, and 20 min. The scale bar is 10 μm. (b) Reversibility of neurite retraction after washout of propofol. Washout of the chamber and replenishment with fresh bathing solution is denoted by the symbol (w). Values represent mean (sd), n=6.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen185)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Bicuculline, phalloidin, and blebbistatin inhibit propofol-induced neurite retraction. Time course for changes in percentage neurite retraction. Cell cultures were pretreated with 30 μM bicuculline for 10 min, 5 μM phalloidin for 10 min, or 1 μM blebbistatin for 3 min before the addition of 20 μM propofol. Cells were subsequently assessed for 10 min. Phalloidin and blebbistatin significantly prevents propofol-induced retraction after 1 and 2 min. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 (anova, followed by Bonferroni test). All inhibitors prevented neurite retraction after 5 and 10 min. ***P< Values represent mean (sd), n=6 for each inhibitor.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen185)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions