1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM pp

2. FUNCTION
Controls body function and conditions with chemical messengers called hormones
Hormones are released from glands and travel via the bloodstream to cause changes in other body areas
There are two major categories of hormones

3. HORMONES
Steroid hormones (non-polar): diffuse through cell membrane to bind to a protein which starts gene expression

4. Amino acid-based hormones (polar): first messenger binds to cell surface receptor causing second messenger inside the cell to initiate cell activity

5. GLANDS
Glands are organs that secrete the hormones and non-hormonal chemicals
There are two types of glands:
- Exocrine: secrete non-hormonal chemicals through ducts (sweat, saliva, mucous, digestive, etc)

7. Endocrine glands secrete hormones that stay in the body and travel by the bloodstream.
Gonads: sex hormones to regulate secondary sex characteristics and reproduction
Thyroid: regulates the metabolism
Adrenal gland: hormones released in response to immediate stress (adrenaline) and long-term stress (cortisol)
Pituitary: produces growth hormones and hormones that affect other glands
Thymus: stimulates formation of immune cells

9. Pancreas: releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
When blood glucose is high, beta cells of the pancreas release insulin signal fat cells or the liver to take up the glucose
When blood glucose is low, alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon to signal the liver to break down glycogen to release glucose

11. DIABETES
A person has elevated blood glucose levels because cells do not take in the glucose and glucose is a toxin to the body in high quantities
Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent): Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin. Therefore insulin is not produced.
Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent): Reduced response due to change in insulin receptors from overuse