2. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
State Hierarchy for Managing Waste
First Step
Reduce Waste and Recycle (Chapters 3 & 4)
Resource
Recovery / Alternative Technologies
From Oregon DEQ

3. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
1. Background / Existing Conditions
Existing Disposal System
Cost of Disposal
Waste Projections

4. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
Deschutes County Tonnage to Disposal Operations
Knott Landfill
2014
2015 
2016 
2017
2018
Annual Waste Disposed
130,615
144,981
161,081
181,326
192,000 Est.
% Change
9.5%
11.0%
11.1%
11.4%
6.1%

5. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
Knott Landfill Expenses 2016
Knott Landfill Operating Expenses
2016 (Actual)
Operations
$ 2,662,000
Fees and Permits (DEQ) / Insurance
$ 400,000
Transfer to Funds
$ 2,500,000
Capital Reserves
Equipment Reserves
Closure and Post Closure
Contingency (7%)
Total Annual Operating Expenses
$ 5,962,000

6. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
Current Disposal / Ton Cost
Total Annual Operating Expenses  
$ 6,000,000
$/ Ton
Annual Waste Disposed
2016
$ 161,000
$37.27
2017
$ 181,000
$33.15
Average Disposal Cost  
$ 35.21

7. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
Deschutes County Waste Disposal Projections (Conservative Approach)
Year
Population
Per Capita (will decline to 2,800 Lb / Cap / Yr)
Waste Generated (tons)
Waste Recycled (tons)
Recovery Rate (33%)
Waste Disposed (tons)
2015
170,606
2,663
227,333
83,381
36.7%
143,952
2016
174,701
2,727
240,844
79,757
33.1%
161,087
2017
178,893
3,022
270,326
89,000
32.9%
181,326
2018
183,187
3,000
274,780
90,677
33.0%
184,103
2019
187,583
281,375
92,854
188,521
2020
190,734
286,101
94,413
191,688
2021
194,739
292,109
96,396
195,713
2022
198,829
298,243
98,420
199,823
2023
203,004
2,900
294,356
97,138
197,219
2024
207,267
300,538
99,177
201,360
2025
210,826
305,698
100,880
204,817
2026
214,832
2,800
300,764
99,252
201,512
2027
218,913
306,479
101,138
205,341
2028
223,073
312,302
103,060
209,242
2029
227,311
318,236
105,018
213,218
2030
230,412
322,577
106,450
216,126

8. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology and Solid Waste Disposal
Year
Projected Disposal Rates
2030
216,126
2031
220,020
2032
223,983
2033
228,018
2034
232,125
2035
233,597
2036
237,185
2037
240,829
2038
244,528
2039
248,285
2040
251,195
2041
254,711
2042
258,277
2043
261,893
2044
265,560
2045
268,182
2046
271,668
2047
275,200
2048
278,777
2049
282,401
Total
4,992,561
Average
249,628
Projected Waste Disposed
5 M TPY – 20 Yrs.
Average 250,000 TPY – 20 Yrs.

9. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology (AT)
What are AT’s?
Technologies designed to Convert / Extract Resources from Municipal Waste Streams
“Treat Waste as a Resource”
Advance Sustainable Materials Management

10. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology (AT)
What are AT’s?
Definitions / Categories
Technologies to directly recover materials or energy from the waste stream including: aerobic composting; anaerobic digestion; mechanical separation and sizing; and / or thermal processing.
A conversion technology facility uses thermal, chemical, mechanical and/or biological processes to convert separated organic solid waste (a specific solid waste that contains carbon molecules, such as waste plastic or rubber) into fuels, chemicals or other useful products. (OAR)

11. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology (AT)
Why Build AT’s?
To Recover Valuable Materials
To Produce Renewable Energy
To Reduce the Carbon Footprint of Managing Waste
To Reduce Solid Waste Management Transportation Impacts
To Create Local Economic Benefit

12. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology (AT)
Current Technologies
Mixed Waste Processing
Prepares waste for conversion
Construction and Demolition
Basic Recovery
High Tech
Engineered Fuel Production
Composting (Mixed Waste)
Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
Mass Burn
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
Pyrolysis / Gasification
Gasification for Electricity Production
MSW to Biofuels

13. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
Technologies Not Economically Feasible
Mass Burn for Electricity Production
Gasification for Electricity Production

14. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology Technologies - May Be Feasible
These Technologies All Require Pre-processing / MRF
C/D Processing (Discussed in Chapter 4)
AD with ASP Composting
MBT – ALT Solid Fuel Production
MSW to Bio Fuels

15. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
C&D Processing
Basic: Fauquier County, VA
Hi Tech: Zanker, San Jose CA

16. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
C&D Processing
Chapter 4: Collection and Processing
Estimated 30% or approximately 50,000 tpy is C&D wastes.
Basic Recovery system requires low capital investment and can be relatively quickly constructed.
Domestic markets for recovered materials, less China impact
Recommended as a targeted material in Chapter 4.

17. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) w/ Aerated Stack Pile (ASP) Composting
Aeration Pipes for Aerated Static Pile (ASP) Composting
Plug Flow System with Mixing Shafts

18. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology Current Status of AD Systems
Provider
Processes
Facilities
Quasar Energy Group
Wet Anaerobic Digestion
14 operational plants across the U.S.
Zero Waste Energy
Dry Anaerobic Digestion
Monterey, San Jose, South San Francisco in CA
CR&R- Eisenmann
Perris, California
General Electric
Acquired Monsal technology with operating facilities in Europe
BioFerm
Wet and Dry AD
5 plants in North America
Organic Waste Systems
30 operating plants in Europe and Asia
Thoni
Plants in Europe licensed to Martin GmbH
Hitachi Zosen Kompogas
75 facilities worldwide

19. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) with Composting
Requires source separation of clean organic wastes (food, yard, etc.,).
Removes materials from the landfill which can decompose quickly into methane before landfill gas capture systems are fully installed, reduces GHG impacts.
AD element produces renewable natural gas.
Composting element produces a valuable soil amendment.

20. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) - ALT Solid Fuel Production
“Making Fuel Source Out of MSW”

21. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology MBT / Alternative Solid Fuel
Commonly practiced in Europe.
Front end processing plant:
Recovers additional recyclables
Removes wet organics
About 50% of the inbound MSW converting into high quality solid fuel for use as a coal substitute.
Displacing coal with biogenic MSW derived solid fuel reduces GHG emission

22. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
MSW to Bio Fuels
FORESTRY WASTE

23. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology MSW / Forestry Biomass to Bio Fuels
Produce renewable transportation fuel (cellulosic ethanol) from MSW and forestry biomass waste.
Deschutes County is too small for an MSW only facility, but combined waste streams could be a competitive option.
Project could represent $400 million in private sector investment creating hundreds of facility and forestry sector jobs.

24. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
AT Summary
Alternative Technology
Capital Cost
Approximate Tipping Fee
Organics (AD with ASP)
$45 Million
$50-$70/ton
MWP/Engineered Fuel (EF)
$50 - $100 million
$60-$70/ton
MWP/Energy Recovery (Biofuels)
$250 - $300 million
Cost include: Preprocessing/ MRF
Revenue from sale of recyclable and energy products
Disposal of residue

25. Chapter 6 – Alternative Technology
Conclusions
1. Certain technologies that process / convert MSW to energy sources are commercially viable
2. Depending on local market conditions these technologies may be feasible
- Price of energy ; renewable energy tax credits i.e. California; Canada
- Local demand or uses for CNG;LNG
- Cost to transport and dispose of MSW
3. Demand for AT is growing and anticipate the cost effectiveness will improve
4. All technologies will produce a residue or not accept certain waste that will need to be disposed in a landfill