1. Le2:2 Vaccination Methods in poultry 1st stage
Dr.Israa Al-Ibadi

2. Vaccine is a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease, its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the disease.
Vaccines for poultry come in three general forms:
Modified or Attenuated (Live)
Inactivated (Killed)
Recombinants.

5. Water Vaccination
Utilizing the drinking water systems in poultry housing is a common method to administer live vaccines. Birds must be water restricted for approximately one hour to insure all birds are ready to drink once the vaccine is administered.

6. Hatchery vaccination in-ovo vaccination
vaccine inoculation must be done between 18 and 19 days of incubation either via the amniotic or the intra-embryonic route. Marek’s vaccines, is performed at the time the hatching eggs are transferred from the setter to the hatcher

7. Other methods of vaccination

16. (Killed)

18. للاطلاع