1. Dreamed Movement Elicits Activation in the Sensorimotor Cortex
Martin Dresler, Stefan P. Koch, Renate Wehrle, Victor I. Spoormaker, Florian Holsboer, Axel Steiger, Philipp G. Sämann, Hellmuth Obrig, Michael Czisch 
Current Biology 
Volume 21, Issue 21, Pages (November 2011)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1
Exemplary Lucid REM Sleep as Captured by Polysomnography during Simultaneous fMRI
Note high-frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) and minimal electromyogram (EMG) amplitude due to muscle atonia characteristic of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (left), with wakefulness for comparison (right). Subjects were instructed to communicate the state of lucidity by quick left-right-left-right (LRLR) eye movements. Filter settings are as follows: EEG, bandpass filter 0.5−70 Hz, with additional notch filter at 50 Hz; electrooculogram (EOG), bandpass filter 0.1–30 Hz; EMG, bandpass filter 16–250 Hz.
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3. Figure 2
Comparison of Sensorimotor Activation during Wakefulness and Sleep
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)-response increases were contrasted between left and right hand movements (columns) in the three conditions (rows): executed hand movement during wakefulness (WE) (A), imagined hand movement during wakefulness (WI) (B), and dreamed hand movement during lucid REM sleep (LD) (C). Effects of left (right) hand movements were calculated in a fixed-effects analysis as a contrast “left > right” and “right > left,” respectively. Subpanels depict results in an SPM glass-brain view (sagital and coronal orientation) to demonstrate the regional specificity of the associated cortical activation, along with sensorimotor activation overlaid on an axial slice of the subject's T1-weighted anatomical scan (position indicated on the glass brain for condition A). Clusters of activation in the glass-brain views are marked using the numbering given in Table S1. Red outlines in the glass-brain views mark the extent of activation found in the WE condition. This region of interest (ROI) was derived from the respective activation map during executed hand movement (A), thresholded at whole-brain corrected pFWE < 0.005, cluster extent >50 voxels, and served as a ROI for analysis of the WI and LD conditions in (B) and (C), respectively. T values are color-coded as indicated. The time course of the peak voxel inside the ROI is depicted (black) along with the predicted hemodynamic response based on the external pacing (A and B) or the predefined LRLR-eye signals during (C). The maximal difference in activation of the peak voxel between conditions is indicated as percentage of BOLD signal fluctuations of the predicted time course (gray).
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4. Figure 3 Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Topography
Concentration changes of oxygenated (Δ[HbO], upper panel) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbR], lower panel) during executed (WE) and imagined (WI) hand clenching in the awake state and dreamed hand clenching (LD). The optical probe array covered an area of ∼7.5 × 12.5 cm2 over the right sensorimotor area. The solid box indicates the ROI over the right sensorimotor cortex with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-channels surrounding the C4-EEG electrode position. NIRS channels located centrally over midline and more anterior compared to sensorimotor ROI were chosen as ROI for the supplementary motor area (SMA, dotted box).
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5. Figure 4 Condition-Related NIRS Time Courses
Time courses of HbO (red traces) and HbR (blue traces) from the right sensorimotor ROI (left panel) and the supplementary motor ROI SMA (right panel) for executed (WE) and imagined (WI) hand clenching in the awake state and dreamed hand clenching (LD). The time courses represent averaged time courses from NIRS channels within the respective ROI (Figure 3). For each condition, 0 s denotes the onset of hand clenching indicated by LRLR-signals. Note that the temporal dynamics, i.e., an increase in HbO and a decrease in HbR, are in line with the typical hemodynamic response. Overt movement during wakefulness (dark red/blue traces) showed the strongest hemodynamic response, whereas the motor-task during dreaming leads to smaller changes (light red/blue traces). In the SMA, the hemodynamic response was stronger during the dreamed task when compared to imagery movement during wakefulness.
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