1. Buddhist Meditation based on the Pali Canon
Ng Wai Chong

2. Bhaddekaratta gatha A Single Excellent Night (MN 131)
Let not a person revive the past
Or on the future build his hopes;
For the past has been left behind
And the future has not been reached,
Instead with insight let him see
Each presently arisen state;
Let him know this and be sure of it,
Invincibly, unshakably.
Today the effort must be made;
Tomorrow Death may come, who knows?
No bargain with Mortality
Can keep him and his hordes away,
But one who dwells thus ardently,
Relentlessly, by day, by night-
It is he, the Peaceful Sage has said,
Who has had a Single Excellent Night.

3. Overview What is Buddhist Meditation? Why do Buddhists meditate?
The ‘Practice’- a Basic Framework
Is meditation really necessary?
Practical notes

4. What is Buddhist Meditation?
Buddhist Meditation is twofold: Tranquility and Insight
Samatha
Tranquility meditation, in which the wavering and trepidation of the mind is brought to an end, culminating in one-pointedness of mind, with samaadhi as its result.
Vipassana
Insight meditation, seeing in various ways the conditioned phenomena as impermanent, suffering and non-self, with panna as its result.
(A comprehensive manual of Abhidhamma by Bhikkhu Bodhi)

5. Tranquility Meditation
Purification of Mind
Training of the higher mind
Culminating in Right Concentration (MN 141 Saccavibhanga Sutta)
Jhanas as guide posts

6. Tranquility Meditation
“Like a microscope…” – Sayalay Dipankara
Like a slow walk up the mountain path, the trees and leaves become ever clearer (Adapted from Ajahn Brahm’s story)

7. Tranquility Meditation
40 Meditation objects
10 kasinas: earth, water, fire, air, blue, yellow, red, white, space, light
10 kinds of foulness: bloated, corpse, livid corpse, festering corpse, dismembered corpse, eaten corpse, scattered-in-pieces corpse, mutilated corpse, bloody corpse, worm-infested corpse, skeleton
10 recollections: Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha, morality, generosity, devas, peace, death, 32 parts of the body, breath
4 illimitables: loving kindness, compassion, joy, equanimity
1 perception: loathsomeness of food
1 analysis: the 4 elements
4 immaterial states: infinite space, infinite consciousness, nothingness, neither-perception-nor-non-perception

8. The Benefits of Developing Concentration
Blissful abiding here and now
Proximate cause for Insight
“Bhikkhus, develop concentration; a bhikkhu who is concentrated understands correctly.” (S. iii,13)
Realisation of the Direct Knowledges
Rebirth in the Brahma Worlds
For the Noble Ones, the attainment of Cessation
(Vism XI 120)

9. “Bhikkhus, develop concentration; a bhikkhu who is concentrated understands correctly.” (S. iii,13)

10. Vipassana Training of higher wisdom
Arriving at the ultimate Right View and Right Thought: knowing and seeing the Four Noble Truths
Nanas as guide posts
The object is conditioned phenomena, i.e. the 5 aggregates and their causes

11. 2 kinds of practitioners
Samathayaana – involves prior development of tranquility meditation to either access or absorption concentration as a basis for developing insight.
Suddhavipassanaayaana – after purification of morality, enters directly into mindful contemplation of the changing mind-body phenomena. As this contemplation gains in strength and precision, the mind attains a concentration equal to access concentration.

12. Tranquility and Insight
“…the person who gains internal tranquility of mind but not higher wisdom of insight into things should approach one who gains higher wisdom and inquire of him…
…the person who gains higher wisdom of insight into things but not tranquility of mind should approach one who gains tranquility of mind and inquire of him…
…the person who possesses both internal tranquility of mind and higher wisdom of insight into things should establish himself in just these wholesome states and make a further effort for the destruction of the taints.” AN IV, 94
Back to Overview

13. Why do Buddhists meditate?
For the sake of purer and purer happiness…for Nibbana is the highest bliss! 
“Health is the highest gain, contentment the greatest wealth. A trustworthy person is the best kinsman, Nibbana the highest bliss.” (Dhammapada 204)
Back to the Overview

14. Why do Buddhists meditate?
“The Rapture of Seclusion” (AN V 176)
“Householders, you attend upon the Sangha of monks with robes, almsfood, lodgings and medicinal requisites for use in time of sickness. But you should not remain satisfied merely with this. Rather, householders, you should train yourselves thus: ‘How can we dwell from time to time in the rapture of seclusion?’ Thus should you train yourselves.”

15. Why do Buddhists meditate?
What does being a lay Buddhist mean?
“How, Lord, is one a lay follower?”
“If, Mahanama, one has gone for refuge to the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha, one is a lay follower.” (AN VIII, 25)

16. Why do Buddhists meditate?
What are the 3 refuges?
The analogy of the Physician, His Prescription and the Health Attendants.
Dhamma is 3-fold: Verbal Teachings, The Practice, Nibbana – The analagy of the Map and the Traveller.
The Dhamma as the Main Refuge. Taking refuge in the Dhamma means to learn and practise the Dhamma, as taught by the Buddha.

17. Why do Buddhists meditate?
What is the Goal of the Practice of Dhamma?
For Lay disciples
The sappurisa or Superior Person as the ideal (AN VIII, 38) who embodies the 4 ideals (AN VIII, 54):
Faith – “…a family man places faith in the Enlightenment of the Tathagata…”
Virtue - “…a family man abstains from the destruction of life, from stealing, from sexual misconduct, from false speech and from wines, liquors and intoxicants which are a basis of negligence.”
Generosity – “… a family man dwells at home with a mind devoid of the stain of stinginess, freely generous, open-handed, delighting in relinquishment, one devoted to charity, delighting in giving and sharing.”
Wisdom – “…a family man possesses the wisdom which sees into the arising and passing away of phenomena, which is noble and penetrative and leads to the complete destruction of suffering.”
A good future rebirth or the attainment of Nibbaana.

18. Why do Buddhists meditate?
Monks, although a monk who does not apply himself to the meditative development of his mind may wish, “Oh, that my mind might be freed from the taints by non-clinging!”, yet his mind will not be freed. For what reason? “because he has not developed his mind.” One has to say. Not developed in what? In the four foundations of mindfulness, the four kinds of right striving, the four bases of success, the five spiritual faculties, the five spiritual powers, the seven factors of enlightenment and the Noble Eightfold Path. Suppose, monks, a hen has eight, ten or twelve eggs……
(AN VII, 67)

19. The Basic Framework of the Gradual Training
“ has faith, virtues, generosity and…
listen to the good Dhamma;
retains in the mind the teachings heard and carefully examines their meaning;
practises in accordance with the Dhamma…”
(AN VIII, 25)

20. The Basic Framework of the Gradual Training
The arising of the Tathāgata in the world and his exposition of the Dhamma
The disciple acquires faith
Follows the Teacher into homelessness
Observes the rules of discipline to acquire purification of conduct and livelihood
Contentment
Restraint of the sense faculties
(Moderation in eating)
(Wakefulness)
Mindfulness and clear comprehension
Abandoning the 5 Hindrances and attain Concentration
Insight into things as they really are
Realization of Nibbana
MN 39 The Greater Discourse at Assapura

21. The Basic Framework of the Gradual Training
Virtues
Non-remorse
Gladness
Joy
Serenity
Happiness
Concentration
Knowledge and Vision of things as they really are
Dispassion
Knowledge and Vision of Liberation
AN X The Rewards of Virtues

22. The Gradual Training The 7 Stages of Purification
Purification of Virtue
Purification of Mind
Purification of View
Purification by Overcoming Doubt
Purification by Knowledge and Vision of what is the Path and what is not the Path
Purification by Knowledge and Vision of what is the Way
Purification by Knowledge and Vision
(Rathaviniitha Sutta MN 24 The Royal Chariots)

23. The Threefold Training
“then monks, there are these three trainings:
the training in higher virtue,
the training in higher mind,
the training in higher wisdom
(AN III, 83 & 84 combined)

24. The Noble Eightfold Path
“…the Noble Eightfold Path is included by the three aggregates. Right speech, right action, and right livelihood – these states are included in the aggregate of virtue. Right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration – these states are included in the aggregate of concentration. Right view and right intention – these states are included in the aggregate of wisdom.”
(MN 44: Cuulavedalla Sutta)

25. PURIFICATION PRACTICE Of virtue Of mind Of view By overcoming doubt
By knowledge and vision of path and not path
By knowledge and vision of the way
Between VI and VII
VII .By knowledge and vision
Four kinds of purified virtue
Access and absorption concentration
Understanding characteristics of mental and material phenomena
Discernment of conditions for mental and material phenomena
Knowledge of comprehension
Knowledge of rise and fall (tender phase)
2. Knowledge of rise and fall (mature phase)
Knowledge of dissolution
Knowledge of fearfulness
Knowledge of danger
Knowledge of disenchantment
Knowledge of desire for deliverance
Knowledge of reflection
Knowledge of equanimity towards formations
Knowledge of conformity
Change-of-lineage
Knowledge of four supramundane paths

26. The ‘Practice’ – the basic framework
Faith, Virtues
Generosity
Purification of Mind
Purification of View
Purification by overcoming doubt
Purification by knowledge and vision
of what is path and not path
of the way
Purification by knowledge and vsion
Purification of Virtue
Morality
Right Speech
Right Action
Right Livelihood
Precepts
Listening
Contemplation
Practice
Samatha
Concentration
Right Effort
Eight Mindfulness
Right Concentration
Vipassana
Wisdom
Right View
Right Thought

27. Dependent-origination
Purification by Knowledge and Vision
Purification by Knowledge and Vision of the Way
Purification by Knowledge and Vision of Path and Not Path
Purification by Overcoming Doubt
Purification of View
Purification of Mind
Purification of Virtue
Nibbana
Vipassana
Characteristics/ Function/ Manifestation/ Proximate cause
Dependent-origination
Ultimate mentality
Ultimate materiality
Recollection of Death
Foulness
Recollection of Buddha
Lovingkindness (+/- 4 Brahmaviharas)
4th Jhana (KIV immaterial Jhana)
3rd Jhana
2nd Jhana
1st Jhana
White Kasina (KIV other kasinas)
Skeleton
32 Parts of the Body
4 Elements
Recollection of Death
Foulness
Recollection of Buddha
Lovingkindness (+/- 4 Brahmaviharas)
White Kasina
(KIV other kasinas and immaterial Jhana)
Skeleton
32 Parts of the Body
4th Jhana 3rd Jhana
2nd Jhana
1st Jhana
Patibhaggha-nimitta
Uggaha-nimitta
Parikamma-nimitta
4 Elements Meditation
Breath Meditation
Lay follower: 5, 8 or 9 Precepts

28. Is meditation really necessary?
The 4 classes of individuals
Ugghatitannu – individuals capable of attaining the Noble Paths and Fruits by merely hearing a short concise discourse
Vipancitannu – individuals capable of attaining Noble Paths and Fruits only after the short discourse is expounded to him in some length
Neyya – one who needs to study and to practise for days, months or years in order to attain Noble Paths and Fruits
Padaparama – though he puts forth the utmost effort in both study and practice of the Dhamma, cannot attain the Noble Paths and Fruits in this lifetime. All that he can do is to accumulate habits and potentials and may attain deliverance in the next existence
(Bodhipakkhiya Dipanii by Ledi Sayadaw)
Back to Overview

29. Practical Notes How to learn meditation? The 5 Hindrances
The Middle Way
Survival guides through a meditation retreat

30. How to learn Meditation?

31. It begins with Right View
“Therein, bhikkhus, right view comes first. And how does right view come first? One understands wrong view as wrong view and right view as right view: this is one’s right view.”
“…..one understands wrong intention…speech…action…livelihood…effort…mindfulness…concentration”

32. Right View
Kamma as refuge, property, inherited properties, origins, good friends and relatives
Efficacy of merits; past and future lives
4 Noble Truths

33. Attitude
Strong faith, desire, determination and effort
Joy
Gratitude of this rare opportunity
Humble and respectful
Honest
Don’t expect anything…be patient…don’t compare

34. Causes before Results

35. Physical seclusion
Proper place
Free from duties
Free from sensual pleasures
Moderation in eating
Noble silence

36. Time
Like boiling water

37. Teacher
A suitable object of meditation
Guidance along the Middle Way
Books are not enough!
Must be right from the start

38. Spiritual Friends
Being with the mindful will help in one’s mindfulness

39. Discipline
Keeping the precepts
Don’t give up
Cleanliness of oneself and one’s living quarters

40. Just do
Learn as you do: like cycling

41. Keep doing
Refining the mind continuously

42. Learning a skill Keep practising until perfection! Knowledge
Attitude
Knowledge
Skill
Conditions
Keep practising until perfection!

43. The 5 Hindrances 1. Craving for Sensual Pleasures
“Suppose, brahmin, there is a bowl of water mixed with lac, turmeric, blue dye or crimson dye. If a man with good sight were to examine his own facial reflection in it, he would neither know nor see it as it really is.” (AN V193)

44. 5 Hindrances
2. Aversion
“Suppose, Brahmin, there is a bowl of water being heated over a fire, bubbling and boiling….”

45. 5 Hindrances 3. Sloth and Torpor
“…there is a bowl of water covered with water plants and algae….”

46. 5 Hindrances 4. Restlessness and worry
“…there is a bowl of water stirred by the wind, rippling, swirling, churned into wavelets….”

47. 5 Hindrances
5. Doubt
“…there is a bowl of water that is turbid, unsettled, muddy and placed in the dark….”

48. How to deal with unwholesome thoughts in the course of meditation?
By thought replacement
By thinking of kamma and its effects
By letting go and not giving attention to them
By stilling the thought formations of those thoughts
By shear will-power
MN 20: Vitakkasanthaana Sutta (The removal of distracting thoughts)

49. The Middle Way

50. The 5 Spiritual Faculties
Faith
Energy
Mindfulness
Concentration
Wisdom

51. The 7 Factors of Enlightenment
Investigation of Dhamma
Equanimity
Effort
Mindfulness
Concentration
Joy
Tranquility

52. Simile of a bee…
“When a too clever bee learns that a flower on a tree is blooming, it sets out hurriedly, overshoots the mark, turns back, and arrives when the pollen is finished; and another, not clever enough, bee who sets out with too slow a speed arrives when the pollen is finished too; but a clever bee sets out with balanced speed, arrives with ease at the cluster of flowers, takes as much pollen as it pleases and enjoys the honey dew.”
Visuddhimagga IV, 67

53. Survival Guide for Beginners in a Retreat
Discipline
Don’t skip sittings
Daily interview with the teacher
Group sitting preferred
Keep Noble Silence
Causes before result
Before sitting:
Make a determination: balanced faculties, hindrances controlled, peaceful and calm
After sitting:
Dedicate merits to Nibbana and all beings
Rejoice
If bored – think of the suffering of life

54. Thoughts of encouragement
A few weeks of peace and wholesome living is so short compared with the rest of years filled restlessness and anxiety.
Life is really very short. Soon, we’ll be in our sixties! (And everything you see now will be memories)
This is about the only thing that is really worth doing in life.
“I’m already so old.” we should think like this even when we think we are young (Ajahn Chah)
We always want “results”, but don’t want to give to “causes”. This cannot be! Practising Dhamma is wholesome causes for wholesome results. (Ajahn Chah)
There is no need for anxiety for results. As Dhamma-farers, we can only work on “causes”.
This is something I have to do for myself.
Think about the suffering of Life.
We have to part with all other attachment anyway when we die. There is no choice.
“All things are not fit to be clung on to” (AN VII, 58A)
“All conditioned phenomena are impermanent.” Sabbe sankhara aniccati.

55. Life’s Brevity
AN VII,70
champagne.mpg

56. Evening Reflection Do you know Where you came from?
What are you doing now?
Where do you want to go?
We have seen the sun rise
Now we are using up the energy from the sun
Soon
The sun will be setting…
Are you ready -
To face the sunset?
Will you be happy -
Or worried when the sun sets?
I will also have to face the sunset -
Very soon.
Before that happens,
I want to build a pagoda in my heart.
The pagoda will be built
With loving-kindness,
Compassion,
Patience,
Truth, and
Understanding.
I hope that you will also
Build the pagoda in your heart
Before the sunset arrives.
When you ‘see’ the pagoda,
Wisdom will arise
With happiness.
And the sunset will be beautiful
For you…
Message by Sayalay Dipankara Nov 2003

57. Questions?