2. Footprint Evidence Footprint evidence is typically a shoe print.
Footprints are always left at a crime scene. However, it may be impossible to locate them or differentiate them from other prints.
Usable footprints are found at approximately 40% of crime scenes.

3. Footprint Evidence
The first recorded forensic use of footprints was Warwick, England in 1816.
A young maidservant had been drowned in a shallow pool of water.
While investigating the damp ground around the pool, police discovered footprints and an impression of corduroy cloth with a patch sewn on it.

4. Footprint Evidence
Bits of grain were found surrounding the footprints.
When police searched a nearby farm, they found that a laborer’s pants matched the patch, his footprint was the same size, and the wheat he was threshing matched the grains at the crime scene.

5. Terminology
Two-dimensional Impressions – Print that has length and width but no significant depth
Footwear databases – Computerized compilation of shoe sole designs for the purpose of associating a crime scene impression with a manufacturer or to link it to another crime scene
Electrostatic Lifting – Using a high voltage device to electrostatically transfer a dry-origin dust or residue impressions to a black film
Dry-Origin Impression – Impression that contains no significant moisture from itself or its substrate when made.

6. Terminology
Wet Origin - Impression containing significant moisture from the shoe sole or its substrate when made.
Dental Stone – gypsum product, similar to plaster of Paris. (Hard and durable)
Test Impressions – Impression made by using a known shoe or tire as a standard; used in the examination of shoe and tire impressions

7. Footprint Evidence Characteristics
Class characteristics are not unique, however they can narrow the pool of possible shoes:
Size
Style
Tread pattern
Individual characteristics such as cuts, cracks, embedded objects, and wear patterns help to identify a specific shoe.

8. Individual Characteristics
Most wear occurs at the front and rear of a shoe.
A person with neutral pronation (arch flattening) will have even wear on the front and rear.

9. Individual Characteristics
A wear pattern on the inside of the shoe indicates a person who walks with over pronation.
The ankle is turned in, toward the other foot.

10. Individual Characteristics
A wear pattern on the outside of the shoe indicates a person who walks with under pronation or supination.
The ankle is turned out, away from the other foot.

11. Footprint Evidence
Possible information in print / impression evidence:
Size, type, and model of shoe
Wear patterns and individual characteristics
Sex, height, and weight of the wearer
If the person was carrying a heavy object or running
Number of suspects
Path taken through the scene
Entry and exit points
Linking multiple crime scenes
Association with vehicle tire treads

12. Footprint Evidence
There are no standards for the number of individual characteristics needed to match a shoe to a print. The characteristics selected must be obviously unique to present a compelling argument in court.
Smaller footprints that are slightly pigeon-toed (pointing inward) likely belong to a woman. Men tend to walk with their toes straight or outward.

13. Footprint Evidence
Deep footprints with the front pressed deeper than the rest of the print and a long stride indicate running.
The depth of a footprint may give information about the weight of the person wearing the shoe.
If the prints are consistently deeper on one side, the person was likely carrying something.

14. Footprint Evidence
The height of the wearer may be roughly estimated by measuring the stride length and shoe size.
Foot length is about 15% of a person’s height.

15. Footprints that are deep and the pace is long means the party is moving rapidly. The addition of toe prints deeper than heel prints indicate that the party is running.
Deep,short and widely spaced prints with signs of scuffling or shuffling then a heavy load is probably being carried by the party.
Short, Irregular strides with soil kicked in wrong direction

16. 3 Categories of Footprint Evidence
Patent two dimensional print
Material picked up by shoe and deposited onto flat surface.
Recovery is complex due to the variety of surfaces and materials deposited (dust, residue, soil, blood, petroleum products, etc.)
Latent two dimensional print
Dirty shoe on clean floor (dust)
Clean shoe on dirty floor (dust, wax/polish)
Patent three dimensional impression
Found in soft dirt, sand, mud, or snow
Requires making a cast of the print

17. 2d Prints
Positive Impressions result when a shoe sole accumulates and then deposits material that is transferred in the shape of the areas of the sole that actually contact the ground surface.
Negative impressions are produced when the shoe sole removes residue (dust, blood) from a surface, leaving the residue where the areas of the sole did not come in contact with the substrate.

18. Recovery of Footprint Evidence
Crime scene access is controlled to reduce potential damage to latent prints.
All footprints should be well documented by photographs.
Some latent prints can be visualized by darkening a room and using a bright light at a low angle.
When photography is complete, objects containing footprints should be removed if possible (paper, glass) for further analysis.

19. Recovery of Footprint Evidence
A thorough search of the scene would include examinations of:
flooring at the scene.
pieces of paper or broken glass on the floor.
doors or walls that may have been kicked.
raised surfaces that may have been walked on such as chairs, counters, desks, etc.
outdoor areas near points of entrance or exit from the scene.

20. Enhancing Footprints
Many chemical methods exist for treating a footprint for detection or enhancement.
Reagents for this purpose include:
Leuco Crystal Violet
Amido Black 10B
Diaminobenzidine
Luminol
Fuchsin acid
Patent Blue V

21. Footprint Lifting
Lifting improves the visibility and detail of the impression by transferring it to a surface that provides better contrast.
Electrostatic dust print lifting devices charge a plastic film which is placed over a dust print. This causes the dust to adhere to the film.
The print must be composed of loose dry residue for this method.

22. Footprint Lifting
Depending upon the surface and location the print was left, forensic investigators may have a narrow window in which to lift the print.
Prints left in blood may last for years, whereas prints left in water may evaporate, and prints made with sand may be brushed away.

23. Footprint Lifting
Latent prints may be dusted with fingerprint powder and lifted with gelatin lifters.
These lifters have a thick layer of gelatin on a vinyl or cloth backing that is covered with a protective clear cover sheet. They can lift impressions from any surface, porous or nonporous.

24. Collecting Impressions
Impressions are three dimensional. To preserve them and bring out detail for analysis, a casting is made.
A description of the impressions, their position and direction, substrate, and weather conditions should be recorded before casting.

25. Collecting Impressions
General scene photographs are taken in series from long to middle to close distances to document the relationship of the impressions to the scene.
For impressions in snow, Snow Print wax or an aerosol paint can be lightly sprayed at an angle, from cm away, to highlight the ridges or high spots of the impression. This will add contrast.

26. Collecting Impressions
Prints left in the rain may be full of water. A pipette can remove the excess water.
A hair dryer will dry the print enough for the casting material to cure.
A frame is always placed around footprint evidence before casting to make a studier casting.

27. Collecting Impressions
Dental stone is usually used to make a casting. This is a gypsum-based product (like drywall) that has been modified for use in the dental industry. It has minimal shrinkage when cured and captures minute details.
Before casting, fixatives such as dust hardeners are sprayed into the impression to stabilize it during the casting pour.

28. Footprint Databases
The United States does not currently have a national database exclusively for footprints, however, research funded by the U.S. Department of Justice is currently being completed.
Computer scientists are developing algorithms for matching shoe prints. They are hoping to automate the process to make it a query search similar to that of Google search.

29. Footprint Databases
There are also two commercial databases that help identify the types of shoes found at a crime scene.
Treadmark uses four parameters to help identify outside sole impressions to ease time-consuming recovery.
Solemate is a database holding manufacturer information and several pictorial images to help determine the type of shoe the print belongs to. This database has over 12,000 different shoes including work, sports, and casual shoes.

30. Other “Impressive” Evidence
Presentation developed by T. Trimpe

31. Tire Track Evidence
Tire tracks are important in forensic investigations and are usually found in road accident scenes or in the access and escape routes of other crime scenes. Tracks help investigators identify the type of vehicle that left them. Investigators may make ink prints of a tire or plaster casts of a track. They will also take photographs that can later be used to prove a match.
Features to analyze:
Tread pattern
Width & depth of the tread pattern
Unique characteristics due to the wear pattern or defects
Tire databases are available help investigators determine the brand and model of the tire that left the impression , which can be used to determine the type of vehicle that made the tracks.

32. Tool Mark Evidence
Certain defects or patterns may be left on a tool when it is made or used, which can be used to find matches between evidence at a crime scene and tools or objects found at a suspect’s home.
Tool marks can be classified two ways:
Impressions – As a tool hits a softer surface, the shape of the tool and imperfections in its surface may be left behind as an impression.
Scratches – As a tool moves across a surface, it may leave ridges or striations behind.
NOTE: Some tool marks are a combination of both types.
Features to analyze:
Dimensions of the impression
Ridges or striation patterns
Defects, such as nicks and chips
Paint chips or metal shards left on a tool

33. Bite Mark Evidence
Investigators can analyze bite marks for characteristics to help them identify victims or suspects as well as to exclude others. Marks can be left on a victim’s skin or other objects, such as Styrofoam cups, gum, or foods. Saliva or blood may be left behind that can be tested for DNA. Dental records including x-rays can also provide useful information, especially when attempting to identify a victim.
Features to analyze:
Type of bite mark (human or animal)
Characteristics of the teeth (position, evidence of dental work, wear patterns, etc.)
Color of area to estimate how long ago the bite occurred (old or recent bite)
Swab for body fluids for DNA tests
Did you know?
The most famous incident where bite mark evidence led to a conviction, was in the case of the notorious serial killer, Ted Bundy. He was responsible for an undetermined number of murders between 1973 and 1978 and was finally tied to the murder of Lisa Levy through bites that he had inflicted on her body.