1. Monetary Policy Strategy: The International Experience
chapter 20
Monetary Policy Strategy: The International Experience

2. Role of a Nominal Anchor
Ties Down  Expectations
Helps Avoid Time-Inconsistency Problem
1. Arises from pursuit of short-term goals which lead to bad long-term outcomes
2. Time-inconsistency resides more in political process
3. Nominal anchor limits political pressure for time-inconsistency

3. Exchange-Rate Targeting
Advantages
1. Fixes  for internationally traded goods
2. Anchors  expectations
3. Automatic rule, avoids time-inconsistency
4. Easy to understand: “sound currency” as rallying cry
5. Helps economic integration
6. Successful in reducing 
France, UK, Mexico

4. Exchange-Rate Targeting
Disadvantages
1. Loss of independent monetary policy
Problems after German reunification: UK, French monetary policy too tight
2. Open to speculative attacks
Europe, Sept. 1992; Mexico: 1994; Asia: 1997
3. Successful speculative attack disastrous for emerging market countries because it leads to financial crisis
4. Weakened accountability: lose exchange-rate signal

5. Currency Boards vs. Dollarization
1. Domestic currency exchanged at fixed rate for foreign currency automatically
2. Fixed exchange rate with very strong commitment mechanism and no discretion
3. Usual disadvantages of fixed exchange rate
4. Still subject to speculative attack
5. Lose ability to have lender of last resort
Dollorization
1. Even stronger commitment mechanism
2. No possibility of speculative attack
3. Usual disadvantages of fixed exchange rtae
4. Lose seignorage

6. Summary: Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Monetary Policy Strategies

7. Summary: Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Monetary Policy Strategies

8. Monetary Targeting Canada 1. Targets M1 till 1982, then abandons it
: declining  targets, M2 as guide
United Kingdom
1. Targets M3 and later M0
2. Problems of M as monetary indicator
Japan
1. Forecasts M2 + CDs
2. Innovation and deregulation makes less useful as monetary indicator
3. High money growth : “bubble economy,” then tight money policy
Germany and Switzerland
1. Not monetarist rigid rule
2. Targets using M0 and M3: changes over time
3. Allows growth outside target for 2-3 years, but them reverses overshoots
4. Key elements: flexibility, transparency, and accountability

9. Monetary Targeting Advantages Disadvantages
1. Able to cope with domestic considerations
2. Signals are immediate
3. Immediate accountability of central bank
Disadvantages
1. Big if: all advantages require reliable relationship between goal and targeted aggregate
2. In many countries, weak relationship between goal and M-aggregate
Poor communications device and accountability

10. Inflation Targeting Five Elements
1. Public announcement of medium-term š-target
2. Institutional commitment to price stability
3. Information inclusive strategy
4. Increased transparency through public communication
5. Increased accountability

11. Inflation Targeting in New Zealand, Canada, and the UK

12. Inflation Targeting Advantages
1. Allows focus on domestic considerations
2. Not dependent on reliable relationship between M-aggregate and inflation
3. Readily understood by public
4. Reduce political pressures for time-inconsistent policy
5. Focus on transparency and communication
6. Increased accountability of central bank
7. Performance good:  and  e  , and stays low in business cycle upturn

13. Inflation Targeting Disadvantages Nominal GDP Targeting
1. Delayed signalling
2. Too much rigidity
3. Potential for increased output fluctuations
4. Low economic growth
Nominal GDP Targeting
1. Close to inflation targeting with concern about output fluctuations
2. Problem of announcing specific target for real GDP growth
3. Harder for public to understand

14. Monetary Policy with an Implicit Nominal Anchor
Forward-Looking and Preemptive to Deal With Long Lags
Advantages
1. Focus on domestic considerations
2. Has worked very well in the U.S.
3. If It Ain’t Broke Why Fix It
Disadvantages
1. Lack of transparency and accountability
2. Dependence on personalities
3. Inconsistent with democratic principles