1. Demographic Revolution
Population Growth
War and Birth Rates
Demographic Transition Model
Family Planning

2. Population Growth
Before the 1700s, the population grew slowly because death rates were very high, particularly amoung infants and the elderly
Life expectancy was just above 30
Families had many children to ensure a few survived
Why were death rates high?
Unsanitary living conditions
Poor medical care and nutrition
disease

3. Population on the Rise After 1750
The rising population after was mainly due to falling death rates while birth rates remained high
Why
Better diets from increased food production and more variety
Access to clean drinking water
Vaccination against infectious disease

4. Birth Rates and National Stability
The Great Depression and WWII kept birth rates low in most Western countries
most people wanted to avoid having children due to economic instability and men being sent overseas
After WWII, there was the Baby Boom due to economic and political stability
Most western countries today have a low birth rate

5. Demographic Transition Model
A model that shows changes in a population’s birth and death rates and growth based upon technological developments
Based on what has happened in developed countries which means it assumes that countries will go through periods of industrialization and urbanization on the way to reduced birth and death rates
This transition period unlikely in Africa
See page 366 for an example

6. Stage 1 Pre-Transition
High birth rates and high fluctuating death rates result in small population growth
Plagues, disease, and poor nutrition keep mortality high
Little to no industrial / urban development

7. Stage 2 Early Transition
Improved health care, sanitation, and increased food supplies lead to a rapid fall in death rates.
Birth rates are still high, so there is a rapid increase in population numbers
Begin transition to industrialization / urbanization

8. Stage 3 Late Transition
Birth rates begin to fall so population growth begins to decline
Industrialization / urbanization and improved living standards lead to less desire for large families

9. Stage 4 Post-Transition
The transition is complete. There is a stable or slow population increase with low birth and death rates
The birth rate may fluctuate in special circumstances such as post war baby boom

10. Stage 5 Declining population
Birth rates drop below death rates. Many older people are in the population
Happening in some European countries and Japan
Concerns over ability to provide for elderly

12. Family Planning The concept of limiting the size of families
Reinforced through sexual education
Helps to combat overpopulation, poverty, teenage pregnancy, or unplanned pregnancy
Techniques
Contraception
Abstinence
Vasectomy or Tubal ligation
Rhythm method

13. Problematic Family Planning Techniques
1. Abstinence
This requires partners to just say no to sex which many teens and adults find it difficult to do
2. Rhythm Method
A method of birth control in which the couple does not have sex during fertile or ovulation times
Hard to calculate even with technology like a phone app to track period, ovulation, and fertile times

14. Government mandated Family Planning
In 2008, China and India had a combined population of more than 2.5 billion (37% of the world)
could reach 3 billion by 2050
Governments had to formulate plans to limit population growth, but political and social issues were not considered enough
In China males are the preferred gender
Sons will take care of their parents while girls would live with and care for their in-laws

15. Consequences of Strict Government Enforced Family Planning
Many couples were strategic to have a son for their one child which caused many issues
Gender selection became popular and is now illegal
Issue of infanticide for baby girls
Families punished and forced to abort second baby in some cases
2009 china has 32 million more men aged under 20 than women
119 male births to 100 female- number gap greater in provinces that allow a second child if the first is a girl