1. Warm Up What was the goal of Marques de Rubi’s inspection of Texas?
Why did Spain decide to close most of its missions?

2. Mexican Revolution and Its Effects

3. Calls for Independence
Many Mexicans were becoming unhappy with Spanish rule
Political appointments and power was only open to Spanish citizens.
Peninsulares-People born in Spain.

4. Social System However, most people were not direct Spanish citizens.
These people were not treated with the same respect.
Criollos-people born in Mexico or Texas whose parents were from Spain.
Able to hold small positions in church, army, or government
Considered “lower” that the Spanish
Mestizos-people with one Spanish parent and one Native parent
Majority of the population
Considered “lower” than the Criollos

5. Social System Native Americans African slaves
Considered “lower” than the Mestizos
Had very few opportunities
African slaves
Considered property
Had no rights

6. Caste System in New Spain

7. Mestizos

8. Criollo-Father Miguel Hidalgo

9. Spanish Caste System Peninsulares-Born in Spain
Criollos-Born in New Spain with Spanish parents
Mestizos-1/2 Native, ½ Spanish
Africans-slaves
Spanish Caste System

10. Social System-Unrest
Because the Spanish-born can only hold high positions, the Criollos resent their power.
The Mestizos are seen as socially “low,” so they resent the Spanish for creating this system and not allowing them to seek better opportunities.
The Native Americans and Africans blame New Spain for the harsh life they must live.
Tension among these ethnic groups

11. Conditions in Spain
The Spanish government is busy fighting its own wars in Europe.
Spain sees New Spain as its most wealthy colony.
The Spanish economy depends on New Spain as an important link to Asia.
Vera Cruz and Acapulco ports (Mexico) are hubs of trade, so Spain spends money to protect these trade routes.
The Spanish government decides to tax the people of New Spain to generate money.

12. Spanish Taxes Spain starts to tax the church in New Spain.
Catholic priests are furious at this, because they do not have much money to begin with.
Criollos and Mestizos are mad that they have to pay high taxes.
Citizens in New Spain are inspired by the democratic American Revolution and the French Revolution.

13. Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costillo
“Father of Mexican Independence”
Catholic priest who is very upset with the Spanish government for the high taxes
Against the mistreatment of Natives

14. El Grito
September 16, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo issues a call for freedom from Spain called El Grito.
Believes the people of Mexico should govern themselves
Hidalgo and his followers revolt.
Hidalgo fails to capture Mexico City and is executed in 1811.

15. Hidalgo’s Revolt

16. Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara
Supported Father Hidalgo
Wants to free Texas from Spanish rule
Recruits soldiers to fight in a liberation of Texas
Along with Augustus Magee, he plans to establish a Texas republic where voters choose people to represent them.

17. Gutierrez-Magee Expedition
August 1812-Gutierrez Magee army, including Tejanos, Natives, and Anglo Americans, captures Nacogdoches
November 1812-Republican Army of North (Gutierrez-Magee) capture Goliad.
March 1813-Spanish surrender San Antonio to Republican forces.
Independence is declared.

18. Trouble…. Lots of fighting over how the government should run
August 1813-Spanish forces defeat the Republican army, and most are executed.
Goliad and Nacogdoches become deserted.

19. James Long American filibuster who tries to free Texas from Spain 1819
Led 300 rebels into Texas and captured Nacagdoches in 1819
Asks pirate Jean Lafitte (based in Galveston) for help, Lafitte refused
Spanish forces came to East Texas and attacked Long’s troops
Long decided he would return and attack Spanish in Texas by sea
Plan did not work- Long was captured by the Spanish and executed
James Long declares Texas independent
Spanish forces defeat Long’s army, and he is executed.
Texas is not indepedent

20. Mexican Independence
September 1821-Mexico becomes independent from Spain.
Texas is now part of Mexico.
However, few settlements are in Texas.
San Antonio-capital with 2,000 people
Goliad-few people
Nacogdoches-few people
(El Paso considered part of New Mexico)
(Laredo not considered part of Texas)

22. Spanish Neglect Spain had neglected Texas for many years. Why?
No gold/silver in Texas
Mexico City was a sophisticated city with universities, artists, and physicians, so people preferred to go to a civilized society instead of a remote place like Texas.
Land was more fertile in Mexico or California.
Many Natives in Texas were unfriendly.
In fact, the last governor of Texas describes it as “…a very sad state”

23. Spanish Legacy
Despite not populating the region, Spain left its mark on Texas.
Many places in Texas with Spanish names.
Ex. San Antonio, El Paso, Corpus Christi, Rio Grande River
Spaniards laid out the first roads.
El Camino Real runs from Nacogdoches to Mexico.
Spaniards brought horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs to Texas.
Texans use the Spanish ranching system.

25. Spanish Legacy The cowboy, or vaquero, is a legacy of Spanish Texas.
Distinct Tejano culture derives from Spanish culture
Many Spanish settlers remained in Texas after independence.
6 million Texans today have Spanish names.
Many Texans read, speak, and write in Spanish.

26. What examples of the Spanish legacy can YOU see in Texas today?