1. Less-than-truckload (LTL) carrier-to-carrier collaboration under uncertainty : A real options approach Choungryeol Lee and Srinivas Peeta
Demand uncertainty is a main source of complexity in the LTL (load) operational planning context
A market-based approach on excess capacity is used to accomplish LTL carrier-to-carrier collaboration in both capacity surplus and shortage contexts
An options-based approach is proposed to address methodological limitations on handling uncertainty in demand and/or lease rates for excess capacity
European LTL freight put options for capacity surplus

2. Operational planning
for existing (load) capacity
Commercial transaction of excess capacity