1. In vivo location and in vitro generation of hypothalamic neurons.
In vivo location and in vitro generation of hypothalamic neurons. (A,B) Schematic lateral views of the embryonic mammalian brain (A) and adult human brain (B) showing the anterior and ventral location of the hypothalamus (red). (C) Enlarged schematic of the human hypothalamus showing the approximate distribution of select neuropeptidergic cell types (colored dots). MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; AVP, arginine vasopressin; TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone; HCRT, hypocretin (also known as orexin); POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; OXT, oxytocin; AGRP, agouti-related protein. (D) Self-patterning and directed differentiation strategies for hypothalamic differentiation from hPSCs. gfCDM, growth factor-free chemically defined minimal medium; LDN, 100 nM LDN ; SB, 10 μM SB435142; XAV, 2 μM XAV939; SAG, 1 μM smoothened agonist; Pur, 1 μM purmorphamine; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β; WNT, wingless-related MMTV integration site; SHH, sonic hedgehog.
Florian T. Merkle et al. Development 2015;142:
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