1. Covalent Bonding

2. WHAT is Covalent Bonding?
When valence electrons are SHARED between 2 atoms!!

3. WHY does a covalent bond form?
So that they will become stable!! (stable octet= 8 electrons!!)

4. HOW does a molecule form?
When both attractive and repulsive forces balance out!!
Attraction over-rides repulsion in order for them to bond!!
Atomic orbitals overlap forming a molecular orbital!!

5. HOW does the molecule form?
The potential energy must be at a MINIMUM in order for the atoms to get close!
This means that the bond length is shorter and they are more stable once they are close!
Therefore, it would take ALOT of bond energy to break a stable bond!!

6. Potential Energy Diagram

7. BOND FORMATION
RELATIONSHIP: Potential energy decreases which increases stability!
This means that the bond length is SHORTER (CLOSER) and the Bond energy is HIGHER!!

8. WHEN does the bond form?
It forms once the 2 atoms overlap and form the molecular orbital (molecule).

9. WHAT happens if atoms get too close?
If they get closer than the distance needed to make a bond, then REPULSION OVER-RIDES ATTRACTION!!
This causes the atoms to move apart!!

10. WHY are they modeled as rigid sticks?
Covalent bond are WEAK!!
Therefore, the atoms move back and forth like a spring!
This causes the bond length to be an AVERAGE not at a fixed distance!!